What is Love Essay Example for Free

What is Love Essay What is Love? Does anyone really know the meaning of the word? Does it have a different meaning to different people? In Kipnis’s essay â€Å"Love Labors†, Laura Kipnis touches on many different aspects of love. This is a touchy subject simply because love brings out many different opinions and beliefs. Kipnis argues over the fact that in order to have a good relationship and love someone people have to be able to meet certain requirements, which are mutuality, communication, and advanced intimacy. Love is a complicated topic, in my opinion there are two types of love. The first type is when people can tell their friends or their family members that they love them. This type of love is the kind of love where everybody knows their supper close with one another, and will do anything for each another. The second type of love is the love that one person has between another human being, this special someone could be that other human beings soul mate. This type of love is where one person can tell their significant partner anything they want in the world, because they know that they can trust them to be straight up with them. When I was reading her essay I was always finding myself being confused when reading about how she felt about things for example one of her bigger topics adultery. I was really confused when she stated â€Å"Yes, adulterers: playing around, breaking vows, causing havoc. Or†¦ maybe not just playing around? † (Kipnis 399) I really had no idea what the point is that she is trying to get across when talking about adultery. It was sentences like this one that made her essay really confusing and hard to understand. On the other hand my interpretation of what I read was that this essay is about loves meaning, the different aspects of love and how you have to work to keep love alive. In one of Kipnis’s other essays â€Å"Against Love† Kipnis suggests, â€Å"Love is, as we know, a mysterious and controlling force. It has vast power over our thoughts and life decisions. It demands our loyalty, and we, in return freely comply† (Nytimes. com). I think this is the best way to explain love. When there is someone that you really care for, you do and say things that you never imagine yourself doing. I think this is the main purpose of love and what everyone should feel. Love is not something you just stumble upon. It is something that grows on you with time. I believe that if you love someone your willing to go out of your way and do extraordinary things for this person. I do not believe it would be a random person in front of you at the supermarket that you will do those types of things for, because you need to have a deep feeling and connection to this person. In this essay, something else Kipnis said stood out to me. â€Å"But passion must not be allowed to die! † (nytimes. com). I believe that if there is passion, you should never let it die. Passion is a strong, uncontrollable emotion that you have for another person. It is not something that you can stop or pretend to share with someone. Love can and will make you feel as if you are nothing without the other half. The cultural artifact that I chose to use for this analysis is No Strings Attached directed by Ivan Reitman. The movie is based off of two characters one that is portrayed by Ashton Kutcher and Natalie Portman plays the other character. The movie is about a guy and a girl who are trying to be friends with benefits. They are pretty much friends that use each other for sex and they made a pact to not fall in love. However, by the end of the movie they both realize that they do truly love each other. â€Å"We don’t pick who we fall in love with and it never happens like it should. † (Alvin, No strings attached) You can’t just force yourself to fall in love with somebody it just kind of happens. The doctor that she dated through out the movie seemed like the perfect guy for her, but she wasn’t truly in love with him. Adam never gave up on her and you see that at the end of the movie. No matter how you go about being friends with benefits at some point some is going to catch feelings for the other or potentially fall in love with them. With that being said one of the two people participating in this act is going to end up getting hurt. In the movie No Strings attached Adams falls in love with Emma when she breaks his heart by telling him she can’t do this anymore. Both characters had a different part in the movie, No Strings Attached. In Kipnis’s essay Love Labors she talks about, â€Å"how domestic life has become such a chore that staying at the office is more relaxing†. (Kipnis 395) Natalie Portman’s character is the uptight person in their so-called relationship she is more worried about her work than she is worried about having a relationship. She finds her work more relaxing than actually having to put work in to something else. She is also in control over their whole friends with benefits relationship. On the other hand Ashton Kutchers character plays the role of being more easy-going and the ladies man. Most times when adultery comes up we think that its no big deal that were just messing around or that were just playing around with one another, when in all reality adultery is a lot more serious than we really think it is. In todays society we call it friends with benefits, in the movie no strings attached they plan to be friends with benefits not thinking their going to catch feelings for one another due to the fact that we think were just playing around with one another even though we don’t realized the fact that some point the relationship will start to get serious, and we wont just be playing around. When two people want to have a relationship where it deals with them only messing around and thinking that by playing around they wont think that their relationship will start to get serious and be something more than just sleeping with each other. Society today shows us that people who want to have a relationship where they are just messing around with each other and don’t have any clue that one day things will start to get serious between both people, because they are too busy having fun and just messing around with one another and don’t realize that they will start to build feelings for one another while they continue to have a friends with benefits relationship. A few terms that Kipnis would use in her analysis would have to be dedication, appreciation, and lust. In my mind, Kipnis would think that Adam and Emma are meant to be together, that Emma had to move on and find a different guy, for Emma to really realize how she felt about Adam and how he is the right guy for her. Kipnis would say that to build a strong relationship with Adam, Emma would need to realize what he really meant to her. When Emma dates the doctor it helps her realize that Adam is the one. When Kipnis talks about â€Å"the millions of images of love struck couples looming over us from movie screens, televisions, billboards, magazines, incessantly strong-aiming us onboard the love train. † (Kipnis 402) I feel as though love is promising us that one day we will find that one special someone that we will spend the rest of our lives with, but before we can spend the rest of our lives with that special someone we first have to go through a struggle of loss. We will loose that special someone only for a moment and in that moment we will have to find the strength to over come the adversity through out the struggle we inherit. This will show us a path that we will have to take in order to be with the one we love the most, but there will be many or maybe even just one struggle along the way that we will have to over come. This is how love will â€Å"Strong-arm us† (Kipnis 402) it will make us stronger as people and as couples. In my mind some of the dangers of resisting love are that mostly because people don’t want to get hurt, or they don’t want to marry someone and then have their marriage end in divorce. So many people are worried about divorcing their significant other right after they get married, and to me that’s why I think people try and resist love. In my mind the love that this society is trying to help create is a type of love that is more than just seeing two people get married, then having kids and watching their kids grow up and begin to have families of their own.

Operating system Essay Example for Free

Operating system Essay As an American multinational corporation, Microsoft is regarded as the largest software maker measured by revenue in the software market. However, because Microsoft play an apparently dominate role in the market, more and more people argue that Microsoft have made damage on consumers’ profit through some marketing methods. As we know, Microsoft has been accused of being a monopolist by the antitrust department in US and Europe for almost over ten years. â€Å"Microsoft possesses (and for several years has possessed) monopoly power in the market for personal computer operating systems† the Justice Department declared blatantly in 1988. This paper will examine and analysis the reason why Microsoft is a monopoly, welfare implications as a monopoly and whether the government regulations is successful. Microsoft Corporation products a wide range of products relate to computing. If Microsoft products are divided into five parts, they are Windows, Office, Business solutions, Developers IT pros and some other products like Windows phones, Internet explorer. From now, Microsoft plays a dominate role both in PC operating system and office suite system. According to the annual report of Microsoft in 2012, â€Å"over 50% of enterprise desktops PCs run Windows 7 and Office is now installed on over 1 billion PCs† is reported. This large company own approximately 94,000 employees and the revenue in 2012 by June 30 is 73,723 million. Why the Microsoft cooperation is a monopoly? â€Å"Microsoft monopoly is self evident if Justice Department’s lawyers are to be believed†, as demonstrated by McKenzie Richard B and Shughart II William F (1998). As the largest software company, produces products which is popular with people, there is no doubt that Microsoft is a significant enemy to other companies who produce the similar products. Even though there are more and more companies can become strong competitor like Apple Mac and Linux which are superior to Windows system in some areas ,the percentage they make up can not be compared with Microsoft, Microsoft still play a dominate role in the market. A monopolist is defined as a monopoly occurs when the output of an entire industry is produced and sold by a single firm. (Microeconomics, Christopher T. S. Regan Richard G. Lipsey p218). As we know, Bill Gates has made his Windows operating system become almost the only access to Internet. Moreover, Microsoft was being accused of three specific charges about Microsoft’s illegal behaviors by Justice Department on May 5. The first one is the agreements contract draw up by Microsoft. For example, Microsoft force consumers use their other products when they are using windows systems like when users use windows system; they are required to install Internet Explorer. The second one is the exclusionary contracts which mean that Microsoft try to prevent other products from competitors and potential competitors used and developed by other companies. The last one is that those exclusionary contracts attribute to curbing the competitor’s right of supporting their products and services. Those accuses of Microsoft reflect Microsoft is using its ubiquitous marketing power to squash their competitors and break the market balance. As a monopolist, it controls price of products. Sales can increased only if price is reduced, and price can be increased only if sales are reduced. For quantity of outputs, it is determined by marginal cost and marginal revenue. When marginal cost equals marginal revenue and the price is larger than marginal cost, the profit of Microsoft is maximizing. (Regan Christopher, 1982, Microeconomics-12th edition) If the good and service were delivered in a perfectly competitive market, consumer surplus will increase and producer surplus will decrease. A perfectly competitive industry produces a level of output that the price equals marginal cost; while a monopolist produces a lower level of output and price exceed marginal cost. What’s more, each firm in perfectly competitive market has a horizontal demand curve and the supply curve is the horizontal sum of many marginal cost revenues. the price in a competitive is smaller than in a monopoly because the demand curve is below the marginal revenue curve. Consequently, consumer surplus increase and producer surplus decrease. If the government regulates Microsoft effetely, the prices of Microsoft products will decrease. As we can see from the graph, when prices decrease, quantities increase, consumer surplus increase, producer surplus decrease, deadweight loss decrease. Thus, economic welfare increases. Since the government makes some measures to curb the development of monopolists, monopolists’ marketing power may more or less is influenced. For instance, after the most famous monopoly company-John D. Rockefeller’s standard Oil Trust, the company was broken up in the 19th. Similarily, the Justice Department continually sue monopolists or near monopolists like ATT and IBM, including Microsoft. After Microsoft was accused by European antitrust institution in 2004, the normal Microsoft market was being disturbed. Microsoft had to separate windows media player from windows system when sell their products. Even though the antitrust accuse has influences on the marketing of Microsoft, the revenue of Microsoft is not influenced by the charges after 2011. According to the annual report of 2004 and 2005, the revenue change from $759 in 2004 to $803 in 2005. The statistic prove that the power of Microsoft can never be ignored in computer market. However, the antitrust can not be said it does not influence Microsoft. After being accused, Microsoft regards the possible break up of the company as a serious threat. At the same time, Apple becomes more and more popular in computer marketing as a tremendous competitor. â€Å"Bring an antitrust suit against Microsoft. A government suit would have an immediate, positive effect on other software companies by causing Microsoft to become more cautious and self-controlling just as IBM did in the 1970s† ,suggested by Goetz, Martin A in Jun 19,1995. The government should continue exerting pressure on Microsoft and let Microsoft adjust itself. Furthermore, the government should also require Microsoft operating its market with separate sections to decrease its marketing power. For example, Microsoft should operate its Network Service Division as a separate section rather operating with other products and continue monitoring weather Microsoft force consumers install other products like media player and Internet Explore when they use Microsoft system. Lastly, the software market is changeable compared with other markets. The technique is changing every day; it is difficult for a company dominating the whole market for a long term. Microsoft can not guarantee their products can always be popular with consumers. The government should strengthen the force on Microsoft market and let Microsoft self-regulating. References Microsoft annual report of 2012: http://view. officeapps. live. com/op/view. aspx? src=http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar12/docs/2012_Annual_Report. docx McKenzie Richard B Shughart II William F (1998), Is Microsoft a monopolist? http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail?vid=13hid=13sid=cb822f92-5712-487e-91af-94eea12c3fb3%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aphAN=1190614 Regan Christopher (1982), Microeconomics-12th edition. HarperCollins Publishers P218, P222 Microsoft annual report of 2004 and 2005 http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar05/staticversion/10k_dl_dow. html http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar04/nonflash/10k_dl_main. html Goetz, Martin A (Jun 19, 1995), Is Microsoft out of control? The government has to stop Microsoft now http://search. proquest. com/docview/216031454? accountid=13908.

Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion

Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion The stomach is a J-shaped enlargement of the gastrointestinal tract just lies below the diaphragm; the digestive tube dilates into an elongated pouchlike structure, the size of which varies according to several factors, notably the amount of distention. For sometime after a meal, the stomach is enlarged because of distention of its walls, but, as food leaves, the walls partially collapse, leaving the organ about the size of a large sausage. In adults the stomach usually holds a volume upto 1.0 to 1.5L. ANATOMY OF STOMACH 1.1.1 Divisions of the stomach: The fundus, body and the pylorus are the three divisions of the stomach. The fundus is the enlargement portion of the left and above opening of the oesophagus into the stomach. The body is the central part of the stomach, and the pylorus is its lower portion. 1.1.2 Curves of the stomach: The curve formed by the upper right surface of the stomach is known as the lesser curvature; the curve formed by the lower left surface is known as the greater curvature. 1.1.3 Sphincter muscles: Sphincter muscles guard both stomach openings. A sphincter muscle consists of circular fibres so arranged that there is an opening in the centre of them (like the hole in a doughnut) when they are relaxed and no opening when they are contracted. The cardiac sphincter controls the opening of the oesophagus into the stomach, and the pyloric sphincter controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the first part of the small intestine. 1.1.4 Stomach wall: Gastric mucosa The epithelial lining of the stomach is thrown into folds, called rugae, and marked by depressions called gastric pits. Numerous coiled tubular- type glands, gastric glands, are found below the level of the pits, particularly in the fundus and body of the stomach. The glands secrete most of the gastric juice, a mucous fluid containing digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. 1.1.5 Functions of the stomach: The stomach carries on the following the functions: It serves as a reservoir, storing food until it can be partially digested and moved further along the gastrointestinal tract. It secretes gastric juice, containing acid and enzymes, to aid in the digestion of food. It carries on the limited amount of absorption of some water, alcohol, and certain drugs. It produces the hormone gastrin, which helps regulation of digestive functions. It helps to protect the body by destroying pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food or with mucous from the respiratory tract. 1.2 Regulation of gastric acid secretion: The mechanisms operating at the gastric parietal cells as summarized in the above figure. The terminal enzyme H+K+ATPase (proton pump) which secretes H+ ions in the apical canaliculi of parietal cells can be activated by histamine, Ach and gastrin acting via their own receptors located on the basolateral membrane of these cells.Out of the three physiological secretagogues, histamine, acting through H2 receptors, plays the dominant role, because the other two, gastrin and Ach act partly directly by releasing histamine from paracrine enterochromaffin like cells called histaminocytes located in the oxyntic glands. While H2 receptors activate H+K+ATPase by generating cAMP, muscarinic and gastrin receptors appear to function through the phospholipaseC -IP3-DAG pathway that mobilizes intracellular Ca+. The cAMP mediated proton pump activation also involves Ca+. The secretomotor response to gastrin and cholinergic agonists is expressed fully only in the presence of cAMP generated by H2 acti vation. As such, histamine participates in the acid response to gastrin and Ach at more than one levels, and H2 antagonists suppress not only histamine but also Ach, pentagastrin and in fact any gastric acid secretory stimulus. Gastrin is secreted from the antrum in response to rise in antral pH, food constituents and vagally mediated reflexes. The dominant muscarinic receptor mediating vagal responses is of M1 subtype. Its location on the ganglion cells of the intramural plexuses has been confirmed. The parietal cell muscarinic receptor is of the M2 subtype but the subtype of muscarinic receptor on histaminocytes has not been defined. Vagus releases Ach in dose proximity to histaminocytes and gastrin secreting cells, but apparently at a distance from the parietal cells. Prostaglandins have been ascribed a cytoprotective role in the gastric mucosa by augmenting mucus and bicarbonate secretion, as well as other actions. PGE2, produced by gastric mucosa, inhibits acid secretion by opposing cAMP generation and gastrin release. CONTROL OF GASTRIC ACID IN STOMACH: 1.3 Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcers disease refers to a group of disorders characterized by circumscribed lesions of the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract (especially of the stomach and duodenum). The lesions occur in regions exposed to gastric juices. When the stomachs natural protections from acid stop working ulcers will occur. Duodenal ulcers almost always develop in the duodenal bulb (the first few centimetres of the duodenum). A few, however, arise between the bulb and the ampulla. Gastric ulcers form most commonly in the antrum or at the antral-fundal junction. Nearly 80 % of peptic ulcers are duodenal the others are gastric ulcers. Most duodenal ulcers appear in people between ages 20 and 50 years, while gastric ulcer usually occurs between ages 45 and 55 years. Duodenal ulcer is twice as common in men as in women and gastric ulcers affect men and women equally. Approximately 10 to 20 % of gastric ulcer patients also have a concurrent duodenal ulcer. Gastric ulcer is often a chronic disease and may persist for 10 to 20 years characterized by repeated episodes of healing and re-exacerbation. Peptic ulcers occur when there is an imbalance between offensive factors and defensive mucosal factors (Goel and Bhattacharya, 1991). Ulceration in the mucosa can be because of either breakdown of mucosa with the development of surface defects or failure of restitution of mucosal integrity resulting in retardation or failure of healing of the ulcers. No apparent causal factor is sufficiently uniquely associated with peptic ulcers to warrant unequivocal implication in pathogenesis of the ulceration. The mechanism of defensive action consists of humoral, functional and neuronal factors. All these factors are responsible for the mucosal protection. The precise biochemical changes during ulcer generation are not clear yet, although various hypotheses have been proposed from time to time. Increased gastric motility, vagal over activity, mast cell degranulation decreased gastric mucosal blood flow and decreased prostaglandin level during stress condition is thought to be involved in ulcer generation. Similarly role of oxygen derived free radicals have been shown to play a role in experimental gastric damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion, hemorrhagic shock and ethanol administration. Helicobacter pylori a pathogen is now known to be the most common and important causes of gastric ulcer in humans (Davies et al., 1994), exhibits active inflammation with epithelial damage accompanied by neutrophil migration. Although the currently used drugs for ulceration are broadly classified into two, those that decrease or counter increase in acid-pepsin secretion and those that afford cytoprotection by virtue of their effects on mucosal defensive factors. Ulcer treatment can be carried out by reducing the action of aggravating factors. Since gastric acid is one of the major aggressive factor contributing to peptic ulcer disease, the reduction of gastric acid either by surgical or pharmacological intervention has been used to promote ulcer healing. However, not all patients, with gastric or duodenal ulcer have high acid secretion. In fact, only 30%-40% of cases with duodenal ulcer have hypersecretion of gastric acid and, in patients with gastric ulcer, acid secretion is either normal or low (Gupta et al., 1980). In these cases, decreased mucosal resistance might be the dominant factor. The neutralization of gastric acid can be done by antacid administration, but their effectiveness is only for a brief period. Muscarinic antagonists such as pirenzepine or telenzepine are effective inhibitors of acid production. The histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA) like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine etc. act as potent inhibitors of acid secretion. Complete inhibition of parietal cells acid secretion by receptor antagonist is difficult because of complexity of known receptors on parietal cells and a variety of second messenger signaling system coupled to these receptors, which involve adenylate cyclase coupled with histamine receptor and intracellular Ca+2 with acetylcholine receptors. Thus, the most successful and desirable therapy is to inhibit the enzyme responsible for acid secretion. Moreover, H2RA have been reported to have some adverse reactions ranging from gastric carcinoid to tolerance and rebound acid secretion. Inhibition of gastric H+/K+ -ATPase of the pariet al cell by drugs such as by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole, lansoprazole, timoprazole, etc. has been shown to be effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. However, such agents irreversibly inactivate the ATPase and the return of acid secretion following such inhibition requires de novo synthesis of new pump. Although these drugs have brought about remarkable changes in ulcer therapy, the efficiency of these drugs is still debatable. Reports on clinical evaluation of these drugs shows that there are incidences of relapses and adverse effects and danger of drug interactions during ulcer therapy. Further, in the developing countries, like India, most of the population is living in rural areas and depending on their indigenous system of drugs because of expensive modern treatment. Hence, the search for an ideal anti-ulcer drug continues and has also been extended to herbal drugs in search for new and novel molecules, which afford better protection, decrease the incidence of relapse and decrease the cost of the treatment. Of late the search for new safe alternative drugs have rekindled the interest in cytoprotective drugs, which protects the mucosal layer from inducing agents. Cytoprotection has been defined as the ability of pharmacological agents-originally prostaglandins to prevent or reduce gastric, duodenal, or intestinal mucosal injury by mechanisms other than inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Although few drugs like sucralfate and prostaglandin analogs are recognized as cytoprotective agents (Vergin and Kori-Lindner, 1990), many natural drugs have been reported to posses this activity viz. plantain banana (Musa sapientum var Paradisiaca), Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica and rasayana drugs like Centella asiatica, Asparagus racemosus, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Emblica officinalis, Bacopa monniera and Withania somnifera, etc. (Goel and Sairam , 2002). India is one of the country rich in medicinal plants which were used by our ancestors. Traditionally, plants were used as medicine in a traditional way such as Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Siddha and Unani. After knowing the used of plants in medicine, synthetic drugs were now started replacing by herbal products. Humans have used plant materials since prehistoric times and in some countries such as China documentary evidence shows that herbal medicines have been used for at least 7000 years. In Europe there is a rich history in the use of herbal medicines and these have been well documented in medieval herbals such as Culpepers and Gerards materia medica. Nowadays many countries are having interest in using Indian medicinal plants as it can cure many diseases and other purposes. Herbal medicines differ from synthetic drugs in several attributes. Though, herbal medicines are mixed chemical compounds, all have not been isolated, characterized and quantified. When an extract of a plant or a compound isolated from the plant has to be clinically evaluated for a therapeutic effect not originally described in the texts of traditional systems or, the method of preparation is different, it has to be treated as a new substances or new chemical entity. The same type of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity data has to be generated. Majority of medicinal herbs contain dozens of different compounds, often of great complexity, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, mucilage, tannins, polysaccharides, etc., that buffer, modulates and modify the effect of any active principles. Study after study has shown that administering of isolated purified constituents of the whole or part of the plant cannot mimic effects produced by extracts of same part of the plant. 1.3.1 Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcer generally occurs when aggravating factors are higher than defensive mucosal factors(Goel Bhattacharya, 1991). The peptic ulcer can be treated by reducing the activity of aggravating factors thereby increasing the activity of defensive factors. H. Pylori H.Pyloric is a Gram -ve spiral-shaped bacterium. H.Pyloric is the most common cause of non-NASID associated peptic ulcer disease. H.Pyloric has been found in the gastric antrum of a significant number of patients with duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers. H.Pyloric lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. The initial infection is transmitted by the oral route. H.Pyloric attaches to adhesion molecules on the surface of gastric epithelial cells. In the duodenum, H.Pyloric attaches only to areas containing gastric epithelial cell that have arisen as a result of excess and damage to the duodenal mucosa. H.Pyloric is able to live in such a hostile environment partly because of its production of the enzyme increase, which converts urea to ammonia. The ammonia buffers the H+ and forms ammonia OH creating an alkaline cloud around the bacteria and protecting it from the acidic environment of the stomach. It causes inflammation and epithelial cell damage (Golan, and Arman). Nsaids More than 100, 000 patients are hospitalised each year for NSAID-associated gastro-intestinal complications and gastrointestinal bleeding has a 5% to 10% mortality rate in these patients. NSAID-associated gastrointestinal damage is attributable to both topical injury and systemise effects of the NSAID. Most NSAIDS are weak organic acids. In the acidic environment of the stomach, these drugs are neutral components that can cross the plasma membrane and enter gastric epithelial cells. In the neutral intracellular environment, the drugs are recognized and trapped. The resulting intracellular damage is responsible for the local gastrointestinal injury associated with NSAID use. Gastric acid secretion Inhibition of cycloxygenase prostaglandins Bicarbonate/ Mucous Production Blood flow NSAIDS Neutrophil adherence Mucosal dama- Expression of intercellular vascular endothelial ge due to neutro- Adhesion molecules in gastric cells phil free radicals Vascular endothelium and proteases. Acid hypersecretion Acid hypersection is an important causative factor in some patients with peptic ulcer disease. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome(Z-E-S)are two clinical examples in which hyperacidity leads to peptic ulcer disease. In Z-E-S, a gastrin-recreting tumor of the non-beta cells of the endrocrine pancrease lead to increased acid secretion. In lusting ulcer, seen in patients with reverse head injuries, heightened vagaltone causes gastric hyperacidity. Figure is showing the interactions among an enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell that secretes histamine, a parietal cell that secretes acid, and a superficial epithelial cell that secretes cytoprotective mucus and bicarbonate. Physiological pathways, shown in solid black, may be stimulatory (+) or inhibitory (-). 1 and 3 indicate possible inputs from postganglionic cholinergic fibres, while 2 shows neural input from the vagus nerve. Physiological agonists and their respective membrane receptors include acetylcholine (ACh), muscarinic (M), and nicotinic (N) receptors; gastrin, cholecystokinin receptor 2 (CCK2); histamine (HIST), H2 receptor; and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), EP3 receptor. Drug actions are indicated by dashed lines. A blue X indicates targets of pharmacological antagonism. A light blue dashed arrow indicates a drug action that mimics or enhances a physiological pathway. Shown in blue are drugs used to treat acid-peptic disorders. NSAIDs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are ulcerogenic. 1.4 Gastrointestinal Motility: Laxatives are drugs that either accelerate faecal passage or decrease faecal consistency. They work by promoting one or more of the mechanisms that cause diarrhoea. Because of the wide availability and marketing of OTC laxatives, there is a potential that an appropriate diagnosis will not be sought (Jahangir moini). Rarely in medicine is there an absolute indication for the use of laxatives. A high fibre, well-balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables supplemented by bran should be enough to normalize bowel function. The fear of autointoxication and the constant concern of many patients regarding the frequency and quality of bowel movement make laxatives one of the most popular over the counter drugs in the market with serious potential for user abuse. Accepted indications for laxatives and stool softeners include preparation for diagnostic colonic examination (Barium enema, colonoscopy: treatment of anorectal disorders) and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy (Smith and Reynard). Fibre is defined as the undigested residue of fruits, vegetables, and other foods of plant origin after digestion by the human GI enzymes. Fibres water holding capacity is the ability of the fibre to hold water and make bulking of faecal materials possible. Fibres stool bulking capacity is the ability of the fibre to increase the volume of intestinal content because it can absorb and holds water. Bacterial growth in the colon provides additional bulking. Insoluble fibres speeds GI transit time. Cholinergic mechanisms are also responsible for modulating motor phenomena in the gut; thus it is not surprising that cholinomimetic agents are effective in promoting gastrointestinal motility. It also has cholinomimetic properties, apparently sensitizing intestinal smooth muscle cells to the action of Acetylcholine rather than acting on acetylcholine receptors. The drugs acts to hasten esophageal clearance, raise lower esophageal sphincter pressure, accelerate gastric emptying, and shorten small bowel transit time 1.4.1 Mechanism of Laxative Action: (KD Tripathi, 1999) a. By their hydrophilic or osmotic nature, laxative can cause retention of fluids, in the colonic content, as well as increase the mass. b. Inhibiting Na+K+ATPase of villous cells impairing electrolyte and water absorption. c. Stimulating adenyl cyclase in crypt cells increasing water and electrolyte secretion. d. Enhancing PG synthesis in mucosa which increases secretion. e. Structural injury to the absorbing intestinal mucosal cells. 1.4.2 Classification of Laxatives:- Many drugs in low doses act as laxative and in larger doses as purgatives 1. Bulk forming 4. Stimulant purgatives Dietary fibre: Bran (a) Diphenylmethanes Psyllium Phenolphthalein Methylcellulose (b) Castor oil 5. Anthraquinones 2. Stool softner Senna, Cascara sagrada Docusates (DOSS) 6. Osmotic purgatives 3. Lubricant Magnesium, sodium salts Liquid paraffin Lactulose 1.4.3 Anthraquinone Derivatives:- Senna is obtained from the leaves and pods of Cassia augustifolia and contains the anthraquinone glycosides called emodins. In oral dose the sennosides is poorly absorbed, but after removal of the sugar and reduction to anthrol by colonic bacteria, they are absorbed into circulation excreted in bile to act on small intestine. It takes 6-7 hrs to produce action. The active principle is believed to act on the myentric plexus to increase peristalsis and decrease segmentation. They also inhibit salt and water absorption in the colon. In India, sennosides are usually marketed in combination with stool softeners such as docusates. Side effects observed are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic, urine discoloration (yellowish brown to red) and melanosis (colonic atony and mucosal pigmentation after a regular use of the drug). It should be used cautiously in women and children bebelow years of age, and after abdominal surgery. Preparations GLAXENNA tab. Sennosides ( calcium salt) 11.5 mg. SOFSENA tab 12 mg. PURSENNID tab -18 mg LAXSENA tab 12mg, 18mg(forte)

Title IX: Leveling the Playing Field Essay -- gender equity in sports

How does one define the success of a high school and college? Is it through standardized test scores, graduates, and college applicants? Is it through winning games and playing beyond the school? Yes, in fact it’s all of these things. America is based on freedom and equality. America is created with â€Å"Liberty and Justice for All†. America is only now starting to treat women as the equals they are. Although Title IX has improved athletic opportunities for women, the ratio of women to men athletic funds is uneven because of the revenue main stream men’s sports bring to the schools. As colleges grew in people and pride, football became the new sensation. With the predominant â€Å"football schools† nationwide, female athletic programs weren’t given much thought. Football provides the schools funding through its massive packed stands. The revenue made funneled back into the football programs and left little funding for any other sport, male or female. In 1972, the nation finally decided to make a stand, and force schools to create and sponsor other athletic teams for females, besides cheerleading and square dancing. Title IX was enacted in 1972 by President Richard Nixon. It â€Å"requires† gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that is federally funded. Many people do not even know that Title IX exists, or if they do, that it applies to more than sports. However it applies to sports, access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing and technology. It forced schools to even the playing field and implement women’s sporting teams. Before Title IX, it was nearly impossible to get a f... ...011. Davis, Paula M. "Imagine Fund Will Offer Race and Gender-based Scholarships in Response to 2006 Anti-affirmative Action Law." MLive. Michigan Live LLC, 20 Aug. 2008. Web. 06 Feb. 2011. Grant, Christine. "A Title IX Presentation." Bailiwick. The University of Iowa Libraries, 25 Sept. 1995. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Lopiano, Donna. "Title IX Q & A - Women's Sports Foundation." Title IX. Women's Sports Foundation, 26 May 2005. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Rhode, Deborah L., and Christopher J. Walker. "Gender Equity in College Athletics: Women Coaches as a Case Study." NCAA. National College Athletics Association, 26 Mar. 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2011. Weistart, John. "Equal Opportunity? Title IX and Intercollegiate Sports." Wilson Web, Fall 1998. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. "Christine Grant | Sports Management Resources." Our Consultants. Sports Management Resources. Web. 10 Feb. 2011.

Euripides Support of Women’s Rights Essay -- Biography Biographies Ess

Euripides Support of Women’s Rights      Ã‚  Ã‚   One can hardly deny that in Euripides’ plays women are often portrayed as weak, uncertain, and torn between what they must do and what they can bring themselves to do.   Other women appear to be the root of grave evils, or simply perpetrators of heinous crimes.   In a day when analysis of characters and plot had yet to be invented, it is easy to see why he might have been thought to be very much against women.   However, when looking back with current understanding of what Euripides was doing at the time, armed with knowledge of plot devices and Socratic philosophy, this argument simply does not hold up.   In fact, a very strong argument can be made to the opposite, that Euripides was in fact very much in support of women’s rights, and thought they were treated unfairly.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To begin to understand what Euripides was doing, it is best to understand the medium of his art: the Greek theater.   Theater was a competitive art among playwrights, with several competitions throughout the year, the greatest of which was at the Dionysian festivals in the spring.   Greek drama, tragedy in particular, had little in common with modern acting productions.   There was little or no suspense as to the outcome of the play; most all were based on Homeric tales from The Iliad and The Odyssey.   The skill, therefore, was not in creating a fascinating plot, but in the subtle changes the playwright could incorporate to increase the dramatic effect.   Changing the reasons for conflicts, dialogue, order of events, and sometimes even the outcome of the play were all ways to do this.   With all these devices available to the fifth century playwright, what made Euripides so special that he was almost exclusiv... ... Euripides. Medea. Trans. Paul Roche. New York: Norton, 1974. Euripides. The Bacchae. Trans. Paul Roche. New York: Norton, 1974. Euripides. Andromache. Trans. John McLean. New York: Dial Press, 1936. Euripides. Hippolytos. Trans. John McLean. New York: Dial Press, 1936. Euripides. Trojan Women. Trans. John McLean. New York: Dial Press, 1936. Euripides. Electra. Trans. John McLean. New York: Dial Press, 1936. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. Trans. Clifton Fadiman. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Perseus Encyclopedia. Revised 1999. Tufts University. www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia?entry=Euripides>. Powell, Anton, ed.   Euripides, Women, and Sexuality.   New York: Routledge, 1990. March, Jennifer.   â€Å"Euripides the Mysogynist?†Ã‚   Euripides, Women, and Sexuality.   Ed. Anton Powell.   New York: Routledge, 1990.

“Pet Therapy for Heart and Soul” By Kerrey Pechter Essay

As I read this story, I not only felt warmth but also very passionate and a realization that pets have a much larger effect on us besides be our loving companions. In this story, you will find a great understanding for having a pet. Owning something that will give you unconditional love, and who will help you threw your most stressful hours. Pet Therapy consists of animals working with and helping people in ordinary and extreme cases. You will find the author has pointed out how animals bring communicating to love ones easier and more relaxed. In addition, pets can be considered stress reducers and offer a great relationship. In my opinion, this introduction was long and not to the point. Another observation is the two main body topics are also long and not to the point. I would have broken the two topics to other larger topics to give the reader a chance to focus directly each individual point. In example, breaking reaction with elderly people (paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4) and reaction with kids (paragraphs 17, 18, 19, 20) into a larger sub-topic â€Å"Therapy for All Ages†. Placing that paragraph between â€Å"Animal Magnetism At Work† and â€Å"Pets Are Comforting†. This change would emphasis the main topic better and allowed for breaks between the two larger sub-topics. The topic does describe the paper, and how animals bring out the best in us. The examples of animals in hospitals (15, 16) relates easily to me with experience working in those facilities. The way this paper is wrote, very well thought out with the reader in mind. Making simple quotes that gives a background and offering not only reference to the ideas but a description of  each that can relate to all of us. â€Å"Pet Therapy for Heart And Soul† is a well-researched paper with many quotes and references to the main topic. It also gives great real life examples, where the pets are working as therapy. All this brings the story close to you when you read it, making you wonder what your pet is doing for you.

Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes

Prof. Dr. Suat Ungan Fd. E. 425 Food Engineering Design Coordinator Middle East Technical University Food Engineering Department Ankara 06531 November 25, 2011 Dear Mr. Ungan, Please accept the accompanying Work Term Report, aimed designing a toasting oven in order to produce corn flakes. In the designed system 10 tons corn flakes per day is produced. After some processes, corn flakes enters the roasting oven at 20% humidity and exits at 4%humidity. The roasting oven can operate at ( ±10 ? C) 225 0C. Toasting oven is designed by considering its length, area and operating temperature.Optimizations are done according to these factors on the cost of the total design. In the design system, rotary drum drier is used. 350 days of the year plant works and production occurs 16 hours in a day. Corn flakes enter the oven at 225 0C . Amount of air is calculated as 0,648 kg dry air/s . Length of the drier is calculated as 2. 27 m. in the result of optimizations done according to proper drying time and dryer diameter. Heat energy needed to raise the inlet temperature of air to 225 0C, is found as 157kw and heat loss is found as 23. 6kw.Through these data, total investment which contains dryer cost and electricity cost is found as 92794. 98TL. Sincerely, group 3 members TABLE OF CONTENT SUMMARY In this design a rotary dryer is designed for drying of corn flakes which have the moisture content 20%. Corn flakes are dried with air 9 % moisture content. The production is done for 16 hours in a day and 10 tons corn flakes are produced per day. In production process, corn flakes are cooked under pressure. After cooking step, big masses are broken to pieces and sent to driers in order to get the moisture level at 20%. After this process, roduct is flaked between large steel cylinders and cooled with internal water flow. Soft flakes are sent to rotary dryers in order to dehydration to 4% final moisture content and toasting. In the toasting oven, flakes are exposed to 225 0C air fo r 2-3 min. The drier length is calculated as 2. 27 m with the diameter of 0. 082m with the assumption of 4%moisture content inlet air and 9%content outlet air. Flow rate of feed is calculated as 0. 206kg/s. Mass flow rate of the inlet air is calculated as 0,648 kg dry air/s. Energy needed for bring the temperature of air to 225 0C is calculated as 157kw and heat loss in the system is 23. kw. By making optimizations total capital investment is calculated as92794. 98TL which includes 84881TL electricity cost and 7913TL dryer cost. Finally by making optimizations, in order to have minimum length and suitable energy for the drier, 215 0C is chosen the best temperature for the inlet air. I. INTRODUCTION Rotary dryers potentially represent the oldest continuous and undoubtedly the most common high volume dryer used in industry, and it has evolved more adaptations of the technology than any other dryer classification. [1] Drying the materials is an important consumption process.It is also one of the important parts in cement production process, and affects the quality and consumption of the grinding machine. Drum dryer is the main equipment of drying materials, it has simple structure, reliable operation, and convenient to manage. However there are some problems which are huge heat loss, low thermal efficiency, high heat consumption, more dust, and difficult to control the moisture out of the machine. It plays a significant role in improving drying technology level and thermal efficiency in drying process, reduce the thermal and production lost. 2] In this design we are asked to design a rotary drier which works 16 hours in a day and produces 10 tones corn flakes per day. Also it is mentioned that, corn flakes enters to drier at 20 %humidity and exits 3-5%humidity. This report is about designing a rotary dryer with its dimensions for considering to get the minimum total cost. Optimizations are done according to inlet temperature of the air to the drier. In the design system heat needed for heating the inlet temperatures and length of the rotary dryer as material cost is thought, and optimization is done by considering minimum total cost for the system.II. PREVIOUS WORK Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common operation of chemical engineering unit operations. Over four hundred types of dryers have been reported in the literature while over one hundred distinct types are commonly available[3] Drying occurs by effecting vaporization of the liquid by providing heat to the wet feedstock. Heat may be supplied by convection (direct dryers), by conduction (contact or indirect dryers), radiation or by microwave. Over 85 percent of industrial dryers are of the convective type with hot air or direct combustion gases as the drying medium.Over 99 percent of the applications involve removal of water. [3] * Rotary Dryer; All rotary dryers have the feed materials passing through a rotating cylinder termed a drum. It is a cylindrical shell usually constructed from steel plates, slightly inclined, typically 0. 3-5 m in diameter, 5-90 m in length and rotating at 1-5 rpm. It is operated in some cases with a negative internal pressure (vacuum) to prevent dust escape. Depending on the arrangement for the contact between the drying gas and the solids, a dryer may be classified as direct or indirect, con-current or counter-current.Noted for their flexibility and heavy construction, rotary dryers are less sensitive to wide fluctuations in throughput and product size. [4] * Pneumatic/Flash Dryer;The pneumatic or ‘flash’ dryer is used with products that dry rapidly owing to the easy removal of free moisture or where any needed diffusion to the surface occurs readily. Drying takes place in a matter of seconds. Wet material is mixed with a stream of heated air (or other gas), which conveys it through a drying duct where high heat and mass transfer rates rapidly dry the product.Applications include the drying of filter cakes, crystals, granules, pastes, sludge and slurries; in fact almost any material where a powdered product is required. * Spray Dryers; Spray drying has been one of the most energy-consuming drying processes, yet it remains one that is essential to the production of dairy and food product powders. Basically, spray drying is accomplished by atomizing feed liquid into a drying chamber, where the small droplets are subjected to a stream of hot air and converted to powder particles.As the powder is discharged from the drying chamber, it is passed through a powder/air separator and collected for packaging. Most spray dryers are equipped for primary powder collection at efficiency of about 99. 5%, and most can be supplied with secondary collection equipment if necessary * Fluidised Bed Dryer; Fluid bed dryers are found throughout all industries, from heavy mining through food, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. They provide an effective method of drying relatively free flowing particles with a reasonab ly narrow particle size distribution.In general, fluid bed dryers operate on a through-the-bed flow pattern with the gas passing through the product perpendicular to the direction of travel. The dry product is discharged from the same section. * Hot Air Dryer- Stenter; Fabric drying is usually carried out on either drying cylinders (intermediate drying) or on stenters (final drying). Drying cylinders are basically a series of steam-heated drums over which the fabric passes. It has the drawback of pulling the fabric and effectively reducing its width.For this reason it tends to be used for intermediate drying * Contact Drying- Steam Cylinders/Can; This is the simplest and cheapest mode of drying woven fabrics. It is mainly used for intermediate drying rather than final drying (since there is no means of controlling fabric width) and for pre drying prior to stentering. * Infra red drying; Infrared energy can be generated by electric or gas infrared heaters or emitters. Each energy sou rce has advantages and disadvantages.Typically, gas infrared systems are more expensive to buy because they require safety controls and gas-handling equipment, but they often are less expensive to run because gas usually is cheaper than electricity. Gas infrared is often a good choice for applications that require a lot of energy. Products such as nonwoven and textile webs are examples where gas often is a good choice. [5] * III. DISCUSSION For the designed system a rotary drum dryer is chosen. Rotary drum dryer  is used for drying material with humidity or granularity in the industries of mineral dressing, building material, metallurgy and chemical.It has advantage of reasonable structure, high efficiency, low energy consumption[6]   advantages of drum dryer: | | Suitable for handling liquid or pasty feeds. Product is powdery, flaky form Uniform drying due to uniform application of film. Medium range capacities. Very High thermal efficiency Continuous operation Compact installa tion Closed construction is possible  [7] By hot air stream, heat for Toasting of the flakes in the drier, or in the oven, is provided instead using flat baking surfaces. Depending on the production type and flow rate, drum dryer satisfies rotating at a constant speed, the slope and the length.The drum is also perforated so that allows the air flow inside. The perforation should not too much large but also prevent the escape of flakes. Also, during the thermal treatment browning, expansion degree, texture, flavour, storage stability is determined. In order to obtain the correct values, the drying temperature and time should be adjusted properly. For the optimization of the system, length of the drier, diameter value, working temperature are affect fixed cost, variable cost and the heat loss from the system is considered.First at all, changing by temperature how affect necessary length is calculated T air in| Z| 210| 2,308504| 215| 2,296091| 220| 2,284367| 225| 2,273274| 230| 2,262 764| 235| 2,252792| It is seen that after temperature of the hot air increases, the necessary length of the system decreases . Due to decreasing of necessary length of the system , area decreases also , so fix cost is decreased (Money of dryer + installation) on the other hand according to table 6 T air in| Q system| electric cost| Area| money for cost of dryer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| ,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92794,98| 230| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 Q loss is increased , by temperature increase so variable cost(electric cost ) is increased also. owever, due to not big changing in the areas fix cost variable do not change too much by increasing or decreasing the temperature, but Q loss, on the other hand, makes too much difference by increasing or decreasing the temperature and also electrical cost for one kw/h is 0. 15 TL ,the difference of changing one temperature to other one is too big than fix cost. And according to data and tables, the optimum temperature is 2100C due to this reasons do not have a specific curve to us , the result is predicted as the minimum temperature. i. Assumptions * Working time of the plant is assumed as 16 hours Drying time is assumed as 150 seconds (optimum time is given as 2-3 minutes). * Surface temperature of the corn flakes entering the drier is assumed as 25oC(Tfeed=25oC) * Humidity of the air at the inlet and the outlet is assumed as 0. 04 and 0. 09, respectively. * Specific heat of the air is assumed as constant. ( cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K) * Only the constant drying rate is considered in the calculations since it has a critical moisture of 4. 5-5. 2 %. [4] * The shape of the flakes is assumed as spherical. * Radius of dryer i s taken as 0. 082 m The efficiency of the drier is assumed as 85% to realize the calculations. ii. Possible source of errors * The shape of the corn flakes may not be perfect spheres. * Calculations may be done improperly due to the air humidity assumptions. * The corn flakes may be stuck on each other. * IV. RECOMMENDED DESIGN 1. Drawing of proposed design 2. Tables Listing Equipment an Specifications Equipment| Specifications| Rotary Drum Dryer| Heating Medium: Hot Air * Temperature : 225 o C * Humidity in: 0. 04 kg water / kg dry air * Humidity out : 0. 09 kg water / kg dry airLength: 2. 27 mPeripheral Area: 1. 13 m2Material: Stainless SteelType: PerforatedProcessing time: 3 minutes or 150 seconds| TABLE 1 3. Tables for Material and Energy Balances T air, in ( °C)| 210| 215| 220| 225| 230| 235| T air, out ( °C)| 163. 67| 167. 57| 171. 48| 175. 37| 179. 27| 183. 16| Product rate (kg/s)| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| Feed rate (kg/s)| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| Mass of air (kg/s)| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| H in, air (kj/kg)| 226. 107| 231. 490| 236. 874| 242. 257| 247. 641| 253. 25| H out, air (kj/kg)| 192. 191| 196. 767| 201. 343| 205. 912| 210. 495| 210. 071| Q (kj/s)| 33. 916| 34. 724| 35. 531| 36. 339| 37. 146| 37. 954| Q loss (kj/s)| 22. 006| 22. 530| 23. 054| 23. 578| 24. 102| 24. 626| T feed in ( °C)| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| T feed out ( °C)| 46. 253| 46. 275| 46. 298| 46. 320| 46. 343| 46. 366| Z, length (m)| 2. 32| 2. 296| 2. 284| 2. 273| 2,263| 2. 253| A, peripheral area (m)| 1. 231| 1. 224| 1. 219| 1. 213| 1. 207| 1. 202| time (seconds)| 150| 150| 150| 150| 150| 150| TABLE 2 4. Process Economics According to 225oC QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 5TL. ————————————————- Electric cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 AREA;=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and installation a formula is found which is ————————————————- Cost = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 money cost dryer and installation= 7913. 91TL ————————————————- Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installationEQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TL T air in| Q system| electric cost| area| money for cost of dryer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| 1,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92 794,98| 230| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 V.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS To sum up, the aim of this design project is to design a toasting oven for corn flakes to decrease its moisture content from %20 to 3-5 %. For this purpose, by using inlet temperature, humidity of air and inlet temperature and moisture content of corn flakes the system is designed. Moreover, during calculations length and radius of dryer, operating time, operating capacity and heat losses from the system is considered. After doing this calculation, the optimization done by altering the working temperature of the system and dryer radius and by considering heat losses from the system.These alterations affect to the both variable and fixed costs and different fixed and variable cost values are obtained. Different total costs values are obtained by using fixed cost and variable cost values and optimizati on is done. Finally, it is conculed that the dryer length is 2. 27 m when inlet air temperature is 225 oC. However, optimum length is obtained when the inlet air temperature is 215 oC which is 2. 296 m by considering total cost for the system. As a result, theoretical calculations are integrated with practical approach and feasible system is designed for the problem.As a recommendation, for the drying process of corn flakes other dryer types can be used. Fluidized bed dryer can be used for this process. There are some important advantages of this dyer. As an example, this type of dryer has very high thermal efficiency and low processing temperature can be used for the processing. [8] Moreover, the system should be controlled carefully, because any fluctuations in the temperature or other variables could made adverse effects. Temperature of the inlet air should be censored and color censor should be added to outlet of product to control the quality in a best way. VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S pecial thanks for their help and support to our instructors: Prof. Dr. Suat UNGAN Assist. Cem  Ã‚ · BALTACIOGLU * VII. TABLE OF NOMENCLATURE xfeed = kg solid/kg feed xproduct = kg solid/kg product Xfeed = kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = kg water/kg dry solid Humidity air in= kg water/kg dry air ? =density (kg/m3) Q =volumetric flow rate (m3/s) V=speed (m/s) D= diameter (m) g= gravitational acceleration (m/s2) Qloss = kJoule Hin = Kj /kg dry air hproduct = kJ/kg Gair = kg dry air/m2. s * VIII. REFERENCES [1] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. process-heating. om/Articles/Drying_Files/d238aadb9d268010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ [2] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. rotary-drum-dryer. com/Knowledge/2011-05-08/141. html [3] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. energymanagertraining. com/bee_draft_codes/best_practices_manual-DRYERS. pdf [4] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. barr-rosin. com/products/rotary-dryer. asp [5] Retrieved on November 2011 f rom; http://www. thinkredona. org/rotary-dryer [6] Retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. blcrushers. com/chanping/2011-08-17/111. html? gclid=CM39p73vxKwCFQkLfAodemc4rw [7] Retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. rrowhead-dryers. com/drum-dryer. html [8]retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. directindustry. com/prod/british-rema-processing-ltd/fluidized-bed-dryers-62696-580253. html * IX. APPENDIX SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Mass values and fractions data: Capacity = 10000 kg per day product As assumed working time = 16 hours per day Product flow rate = (10000kg/day)*(1day/16hours)*(1 hour/3600) Product flow rate=0,174 kg/s Feed flow rate = (0,174*0,95)/0,8 Feed flow rate= 0,206 kg/s Moisture content of feed = 0,2 kg water/kg feed Moisture content of product = 0,05 kg water/kg product xfeed = 0,8 kg solid/kg feed product = 0,95 kg solid/kg product Xfeed = 0,2/0,8(=0,2/0,8=0,25 kg water/kg dry solid) Xfeed= 0,25 kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = 0,05/0,95(=0,05/0,95=0,053 kg wa ter/kg dry solid) = 0,053 kg water/kg product Xproduct= 0,053 kg water/kg product Temperature & humidity data: Temperature of the air in = 225 oC Temperature of the feed = 25 oC Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH For finding G value, water balance is made as ————————————————- G*Hin + F*Xfeed/[(1+Xfeed)] = G*Hout + P*XproductEqn 1. G*0,04 + 0,206*[0,25/(1+0,25)] = G*0,09 + 0,174*[0,053/(1+0,053)] G= 0,648 kg dry air/s For finding energy balance, Hin , Qloss , Hout are calculated ————————————————- Hin = (1,005+1,88* Hin)*Tair,in Eqn2. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hin = (1,005+1,88*0,04)*225 Hin = 242,25 kJ/kg dry air As efficiency is taken 85% ———à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Qloss = 0,15*Hin (85% efficiency) Eqn3. Qloss = 36,33 kJ/kg dry air ————————————————- Qloss in system = G*QlossEqn4. Qloss in system = 0,648*36,456 Qloss in system = 23,578 kJ/s ————————————————- Hout = (1,005+1,88* Hout)*Tair,out Eqn5. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hout = 1,1742*Tout Energy balance: ————————————————- G*Hin = G*Hout + Qloss Eqn6. 0,648*243,045 = 0,648*(1,1742Tair,out) + 23,626 Tout air = 175,369oC Use eqn 5. And Hout is found as Hout = 205,91 kJ/s —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Siebel’s Equation: 33,49*(H2O) + 837,4Eqn 7. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993 Eqn 5-33 p. 211) So , by using this equation cp,feed = 1,5 kJ/kg. oC cp,product = 0,98kJ/kg . oC ? feed = 1390 kg/m3 ————————————————- hfeed = cp,feed*Tfeed Eqn. 8 hfeed = 1,5*25 hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg ————————————————- hproduct = cp,feed*Tproduct Eqn. 9 hproduct = 0,98*Tproduct Energy Balance: G*Hin + F*hfeed = G*Hout + P*hproduct + Qloss Eqn 10. 0,648*243,045 + 0. 206*37. = 0. 648*206. 59 + 0. 174*0. 98* Tproduct + 23. 63 Tproduct = 46,32 oC hproduct = =45,39 kJ/kg As mentioned, assumption of radius of dryer is taken 0. 082 m ———— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Gair = 0,648/(? *r2) Eqn. 11 Gair = 30,68 kg dry air/m2. s ————————————————- hair = 1,17*(Gair)0,37 Eqn. 12(Transport Process and Separation Process Principles, Geankoplis , Eqn 9-6-10 p. 583) hair= 4. 5 kj/ kg cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K ————————————————- HTOG = (Gair*cp,air)/hair Eqn. 13 (Mass Transfer Operation, Treybal, p. 704) HTOG= 7. 535 Tair,in = 225 Tair,out = 175. 369 Tfeed = 25 Tproduct =46. 32 So TG is found by ————————————————- TG = Tair,in – Tair,out Eqn. 14 TG = 49. 06 ——————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- TM = [(Tair,in – Tfeed) + (Tair,out – Tproduct)]/2 Eqn. 15 TM = 164,52 ————————————————-NTOG = TG/TM Eqn. 16 NTOG = 0,301 ————————————————- z = NTOG*HTOG Eqn 17 z= 2,27 m ————————————————- QSYSTEM=Gair*Hin Eqn 18 =242,25*0,648 QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 15TL. ————————————————- Electric cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL —————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 AREA;=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and installation a formula is found which is ————————————————- Cost = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Max . S. Peters) money cost dryer and installation= 7913. 91TL ————————————————- Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installation EQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TLFor finding changes due to increasing temperature to higher or lower (  ±10 ? C) from 225oC Humidityin and Humidityout are taken constant. Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH T air in| Hin| Q loss| Qloss in SYSTEM| Tair out| Hout| 210| 226,107| 33,91605| 22,00620197| 163,6782| 192,191| 215| 231,4905| 34, 72358| 22,53015916| 167,5753| 196,7669| 220| 236,874| 35,5311| 23,05411635| 171,4724| 201,3429| 225| 242,2575| 36,33863| 23,57807354| 175,3695| 205,9189| 230| 247,641| 37,14615| 24,10203073| 179,2666| 210,4949| 235| 253,0245| 37,95368| 24,62598792| 183,1637| 215,0708| TABLE 4Gair and h are constant , as I found before as hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg and Gair =30,68 T air in| T product| h product| h air| h TOG| TG| TM| N TOG| z| 210| 46,25308| 45,32802| 4,152621| 7,535866| 46,32179| 151,2126| 0,306336| 2,308504| 215| 46,27571| 45,3502| 4,152621| 7,535866| 47,42469| 155,6498| 0,304688| 2,296091| 220| 46,29834| 45,37238| 4,152621| 7,535866| 48,52759| 160,087| 0,303133| 2,284367| 225| 46,32097| 45,39455| 4,152621| 7,535866| 49,63049| 164,5243| 0,301661| ,273274| 230| 46,3436| 45,41673| 4,152621| 7,535866| 50,73339| 168,9615| 0,300266| 2,262764| 235| 46,36623| 45,43891| 4,152621| 7,535866| 51,83629| 173,3987| 0,298943| 2,252792| TABLE 5 T air in| Q system| electric cost| area| money for cost of dr yer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| 1,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92794,98| 230| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 FIGURE1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 According to figures, most suitable temperature is 210oC by making optimization.