Experimental learning Essay

The group chosen is â€Å"B†. It has to do with Experimental learning (Constructivism). As the name suggests, experiential learning involves learning from experience. It builds a â€Å"bridge† from the known to the new by taking the learner’s perceptions and experiences as the point of departure for the learning process. The theory was proposed by psychologist David Kolb. According to Kolb, this type of learning can be defined as â€Å"the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combinations of grasping and transforming experience. † The experiential theory emphasizes how experiences, including cognitions, environmental factors, and emotions influence the learning process. In this model the teacher is seen as a learner among learners, his/her role is to facilitate the learning process and the students have an active participation (largely in collaborative small groups). This model puts the emphases on the process (learning skills, self-inquiry, social and communicative skills) and the learner (self-directed learning). Its motivation is mainly intrinsic and the evaluation is process-orientated (reflection on process, self-assessment; criterion-referencing) According to the view of knowledge, is a personal knowledge construction and identification of problem. The curriculum is dynamic; with looser organization of subject matter, including open parts and integration. Group B: Comprehensible input: Comprehensible input means that students should be able to understand the essence of what is being said or presented to them. This does not mean, however, that teachers must use only words students understand. In fact, instruction can be incomprehensible even when students know all of the words. Students learn a new language best when they receive input that is just a bit more difficult than they can easily understand. In other words, students may understand most, but not all, words the teacher is using. Making teacher talk comprehensible to students goes beyond the choice of vocabulary and involves presentation of background and context, explanation and rewording of unclear content, and the use of effective techniques such as graphic organizers. By using context or visual cues, or by asking for clarification, students enhance their knowledge of English. When input is comprehensible, students understand most aspects of what is required for learning, and the learning experience pushes them to greater understanding. Scaffolding and ZPD: â€Å"The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance† The scaffolding teaching strategy provides individualized support based on the learner’s ZPD. The scaffolds facilitate a student’s ability to build on prior knowledge and internalize new information. The activities provided in scaffolding instruction are just beyond the level of what the learner can do alone. The more capable other provides the scaffolds so that the learner can accomplish (with assistance) the tasks that he or she could otherwise not complete, thus helping the learner through the ZPD. Vygotsky defined scaffolding instruction as the â€Å"role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level. Play in the classroom: Cook points out that language play includes mimicry and repetition, the explicit discussion of rules and the linking for â€Å"form-driven rather than meaning –driven behaviour†. Play and language play is often a collaborative affair, playful mislabelling and puns often generated extended repair sequences that could be seen as informal â€Å"language lessons† focused on formal aspects of language. Finally, as Cook has pointed out, humour and playful activities occupy large amounts of our real-life existence. The formulaic jokes and dialogue of much ELT may be extremely useful for student language development. Focus on form: It occurs when students direct their conscious attention to some feature of the language, such as verb tense, a new word or structure) It can happen at any stage of a learning sequence as the result of intervention by the teacher, or because students themselves notice a language feature. Focus on form is often incidental and opportunistic, growing out of task which students are involved in, rather than being pre-determined by a book or a syllabus. Affective filter S. Krashen claims for the beneficial value of comprehensible input depends upon students being relaxed and feeling positive and unthreatened. If they are not, then their affective filter is raised and blocks the input from being absorbed and processed. But if, on the other hand, the affective filter is lowered-because students are relaxed- then the comprehensible input the students are exposed to will contribute far more effectively to their acquisition of new language. Noticing It describes a condition which is necessary if the language a students is exposed to is to become language â€Å"intake†, that is language he or she takes in. Unless the student notices the new language, he or she is unlikely to process it, and therefore the chances of learning it are slim. 1. Describe a teaching- learning situation in which all of these words occur. A successful teaching learning situation is when the atmosphere in the classroom is relaxed, happy, and well-ordered (affective filter). Success is a great motivator; both positive and negative feeling will affect the learning process. Therefore, try to make each child feel successful and praise their attempts enthusiastically. Errors need to be corrected, but use positive and tactful feedback so that children feel sure and confident and not be afraid of making mistakes. Games (play in the classroom) provide a natural context for language practice and are very popular with children. They promote the development of wider cognitive skills such as memory, sequences, motor skills and deductive skills. Another important element to take into account in a teaching learning situation is when the student is exposed to an activity where he/she can balance both the familiar and new language. Children develop the confidence to recognize and use the language they already know and the new information with the guide of a teacher (Scaffolding-ZPD) For example: (Presenting new vocabulary) to introduce new words in relation to a unit’s topic, the teacher can bring flashcards to present new vocabulary or posters which offer the learners a more complex visual stimuli. Teacher may also ask students if they know other words related to the topic. In that way, you are exposing children to their previous knowledge. With Flashcards and posters, a number of activities can be carried out: predicting and anticipating, descriptions, mind maps, re-order the stage, mime and point, label the pictures, try to remember (memory games), say as many words as possible about†¦, etc. These ranges of activities allow the teacher to interact with the students in the classroom. For example, use the same flashcards you have been using, and hold them facing you so children cannot see them, after that, show the card for a very short time and ask what’s this? And continue until you have practiced all the words. Besides this, you can teach grammar through examples rather than explanation. Say the student the word you had already taught so that he or she can try to make a sentence using the word given. Apart from that, teacher can use songs or chants where children can practise new target grammar structures or vocabulary. Melody and rhythm are an essential aid to memory. By singing, children are able to forget fears and shyness and practise the language in a joyful way together. Finally, the teacher can use worksheets that can be a great help for students to put into practice everything they have learned. Students are given the opportunity to make productions by themselves. Activities suitable for all edges. 2. Method: Total Physical Response: It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. Students of any age, especially kinaesthetic learners, benefit from associating language with movement and actions. The more the body is involved in the learning process, the more likely the student is to absorb and retain the information. The majority of class time in TPR lessons is spent doing drills in which the instructor gives commands using the imperative mood. Students respond to these commands with physical actions. Initially, students learn the meaning of the commands they hear by direct observation. After they learn the meaning of the words in these commands, the teacher issues commands that use novel combinations of the words the students have learned. Activities for TPR lessons: Simon says†¦. A typical Total Physical Response lesson might involve the teacher introducing a situation in which students follow a set of commands using actions. For example, ask the children to stand at their desk. Then explain that you are going to give instructions. If the instruction begins with the word Simon says†¦, children must do as you ask. If not, they stand still and wait for the next instruction. Any child who gets this wrong is out of the game and has to sit down. Give tan instruction that is relevant to the unit’s language, e. g. Simon says†¦brush your teeth; Simon says†¦read a comic; Simon say†¦eat cereal. Intermittently insert an instruction which is not preceded by â€Å"Simon says†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to see which children are really paying attention. TPR Storyline: (script) Other ideas in a TPR lesson: Before reading a children’s story, the teacher select some action words and ask the students to perform these actions as you encounter them in the pages. After that, tell students to act out the story with simply drama activities. Play the recording. Pause after each line for children to repeat. Then, divide the class into two groups, with each child having a different role in the story. Each child says the lines of his / her assigned character. The teacher encourages children to perform actions as they speak. Drama, by appealing to the imagination, is an excellent way for children to lose themselves in the story, thereby increasing their communicative ability. Activities mainly use for children Teaching materials Usually props such as pictures, posters or real objects accompany the actions. Some actions may be real while others are pretended. Teaching materials are not compulsory, and for the very first lessons they may not be used. 3. Examples of text books for each method: Presentation, Practice and Production: Presentation – Practice – Production, or PPP, is a method for teaching structures (e. g. grammar or vocabulary) in a foreign language. As its name suggests, PPP is divided into three phases, moving from tight teacher control towards greater learner freedom. Note that some writers use the name to refer to a specific method that focuses on oral skills, but it can also be applied more broadly to a family of related methods which rely on the progression from presentation, through controlled practice, to free production Example taken from â€Å"Excellent† 1 Pupil’s book and Activity Book by Coralyn Bradshaw and Jill Hadfiled -Longman Communicative Language Teaching: Communicative language teaching can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching (communicative competence). How learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom. Examples taken from the course book: â€Å"Passages 2† Jack C. Richards and Chuck Sandy 1998 Cambridge. Task-Based Learning: Task-based learning focuses on the use of authentic language through meaningful tasks such as visiting the doctor or a telephone call. This method encourages meaningful communication and is student-centred. Characteristics: Students are encouraged to use language creatively and spontaneously through tasks and problem solving Students focus on a relationship that is comparable to real world activities The conveyance of some sort of meaning is central to this method Assessment is primarily based on task outcome. TBLT is student-centred Examples taken from the book: Lexical Approach: The lexical approach is a method of teaching foreign languages described by M. Lewis in the 1990s. The basic concept on which this approach rests is the idea that an important part of learning a language consists of being able to understand and produce lexical phrases as chunks. Students are thought to be able to perceive patterns of language (grammar) as well as have meaningful set uses of words at their disposal when they are taught in this way. In the lexical approach, instruction focuses on fixed expressions that occur frequently in dialogues, which Lewis claims make up a larger part of discourse than unique phrases and sentences. Vocabulary is prized over grammar per se in this approach. The teaching of chunks and set phrases has become common in English as a second or foreign language, though this is not necessarily primarily due to the Lexical Approach. Example taken from the book: â€Å"English in Mind† 1b by Puchta Herbert and Stranks Jeff 2nd edition. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Apples Don’t Fall to Far from the Tree

Tree In every family there things that some family members have in common and there are some things that they don't. My family Is one of them, starting from my dad to my mom, my 14 year old sister next to my 6 year old sister; there has to be some things we have in common and some things we don't. Starting with my dad since he is the head of the household as my family says. Something we have In common is the fact that we both enjoy watching college football. Our favorite team is the wolverines from University of Michigan.We can stay up all night watching college football but the other family members hate watching football. They don't quite get It the way my dad and I do. Also my dad has to live with all girls so I think its best that he has someone to watch football with him. Another thing my dad and I have in common is the choice of our favorite animal which Is the African elephant. My dad collects paintings and knick-knacks. He gave me a stuffed animal that is an elephant from Kore a where he was stationed for the army when he was in college and I was a newborn and I still eve that stuffed animal till this day and I called it Allele.Some dislikes that we have Is our cooking skills. My dad is a personal chef and he owns his catering business and he works at a restaurant. I on the other hand can't cook to save my live so we definitely don't have that In common. People say that I am the spitting Image of my mother. And majority of them are correct, that is something I have in common with my mother. But we also have some dislikes as well. For example she once was a cheerleader In high school.I on the other hand will never be a cheerleader, the only thing is I tried cheerleaders in fourth grade and disliked it; I am more of a dancer rather than a cheerleader. But we both are volleyball players she played in high school and so am l. My two sisters are people that you either like or don't, there Is no in-between. My younger sister her name is Kenned but we call her Z oe which is her middle name. She is 14 years old and we are 2 years apart, she is my dad's clone which I am my mom's so that's something we don't have in common.Some things we have in common though are the way we think. By this I mean that we can sit in a room and it would be dead silent and we read each other's eyes and know what each other are thinking about. My other sister her name Is Trinity and she Is six years old and something we have in common are our eyes. The shape of our eyes most people say look like cat eyes. In conclusion my is the type of family that you either dislike or like you can't live without them so It's a matter of 50/50 one day Its good next day Is a mystery.Apples Don't Fall to Far from the Tree By polysyllables are some things that they don't. My family is one of them, starting from my dad to my we have in common and some things we don't. Starting with my dad since he is the head of the household as my family says. Something we have in common is the fact other family members hate watching football. They don't quite get it the way my dad of our favorite animal which is the African elephant. My dad collects paintings and have that stuffed animal till this day and I called it Elli.Some dislikes that we have is he works at a restaurant. I on the other hand can't cook to save my live so we definitely don't have that in common. People say that I am the spitting image of my cheerleader in high school. I on the other hand will never be a cheerleader, the only school and so am l. My two sisters are people that you either like or don't, there is no other are thinking about. My other sister her name is Trinity and she is six years old like you can't live without them so it's a matter of 50/50 one day its good next day is a

Carbon Tax Conclusion

My final argument will be based on the effectiveness of this tax: The tax will have no significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. It has been claimed that an Australian carbon tax will have no significant impact on the level of greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere. This claim has been made on two bases. Firstly that it is unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing Australian greenhouse gas emissions and secondly, that even if these emissions were to stop completely this would have no useful effect on world greenhouse gas emission rates. Critics of a carbon tax for Australia argue that it will damage our economy without reducing climate change. The independent think tank, the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) has stated that the proposed tax, although burdensome and damaging is not sufficiently large to force reinvestment in different forms of power generation. In a media released issued on March 2, 2011 and published in The Age, the IPA stated, The price itself, while severely harming the carbon-intensive, coal-based generators, would not force their premature departure from supply, which would be necessary to leave a gap for new gas generators. The IPA Review in September 2008 included the following response to Kevin Rudds proposed emissions trading scheme, Australia contributes 1. 1 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. Our contribution is dwarfed by big emitters like the United States which contributes nearly 21 per cent, China which contributes 17 per cent, and Russia which contributes just over 5 per cent. All in all, there is no positive outcome for this tax, yes it is true that it reduces greenhouse gases, but things cannot always be solved with money. If we, as the Australian people want to make our environment cleaner, we should not just pay up to the government to clean our environment, we live in it, so we must put in some effort to prevent this ongoing issue. Thank you.

Three Rivers TESOL Conference Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three Rivers TESOL Conference Proposal - Essay Example â€Å"Of all the languages in the world today English deserves to be regarded as a world language.† (Verghese 1) The teachers of the ESL program have a clear objective of teaching English as a the second language. It is important that they should be aware of the socio-economic backgrounds of their students in order to better incorporate their needs and make them successful English speakers. This paper will focus on how the teachers will use the information technology to know about their students and teach them in a more effective manner. This paper will furnish the details that most of the students in the South East Asia are fluent with the usage of the internet portals like Yahoo and Skype. They have easy access to the WIFI technology and can fully communicate using these sources. The use of internet chat room like Yahoo and Skype which are more personalized as compared to the public chat rooms, will help the teachers better understand their students. This paper will reveal ways and methods in which the teachers should be made familiar with using the internet to communicate with their students in order to better understand them and help them with their queries. Using YouTube and Skype classrooms will help a teacher interact with their students anywhere with the world. This paper will show modules that would familiarize teachers with the internet classrooms to better communicate with their students. These distant learning tools will improve the level of both teaching and

Aviation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aviation Law - Case Study Example A brief study of the various kinds of infringements of the rules and the supposed remedial measures or punishments for each help determine which rules Jack has infringed upon and understand the punishment he is liable for the same. Understanding of the severity of the infringements and a closer look at Jack's reasons and situations which have led to the supposed infringements by him help in a more detailed analysis and recommendations to Jack for facing the trial which would sure follow. Although the Jack has managed to avoid any serious accident or damage, it is still a case of serious infringement to a certain extent. Even the psychological conditions have to be taken into consideration as Jack had been awake all night and had been allowed to hire the aircraft without being strict in adherence to the rules before taking off. There exists provisions of the Air Navigation Order (ANO) with Regulations like The Rules of the Air Regulations, The Air Navigation (General) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation) (Keeping of Records) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) Regulations and a number of permanent Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) Regulations made under the Order. These Regulations are it also contains the provisions of the Civil Aviation Authority Regulations. These basic categories of regulations and their ... The organizational bodies and their regulations are considered in detail which helps to identify the list of probable infringements Jack could face. The different regulations by the ANO that are framed are all concerned with each detail of aviation transportation, both civil and military aviation. The basic need for organized way of conducting the activity and ensuring safety of man and machine is kept in mind to formulate these rules. The provisions for flying and the orders or rules for the aircraft include the rule for pilots to comply with Air Navigation Order, Air Navigation General Rules and Rules of the Air. The Rules of the Air Regulations of 1991 specifies the regulations based on the context for interpretation of the same. These are categorized into general, visual flight rules, instrument flight rules, aerodrome flight rules, special and general flight rules, visual and aural signals and lights and signals to be shown by the aircraft (Statutory Instrument, 2000). Further, the authorizations and documents required, emergency drills, local regulations and accident reporting are also laid down (Bowman, 2007). According to Articles 3 to 7 of ANO, an aircraft should be registered by CAA in the United Kingdom and contain the trademark of the aircraft and country. Articles 8 to 24 and 95 of CAA like Certificate of Maintenance Review, Equipment of aircraft, and Radio equipment of aircraft require that any aircraft be checked for flight conditions before and after flying. All pilots are required to comply with all the regulations of the provisions of the ANO. Articles 26 and 28 to 37 lay the rules for validation of licences, personal flying log book, the pilot's

East Asiatic Company Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

East Asiatic Company Nutrition - Essay Example It is hoped that EAC will continue to grow and expand its business in the world markets in coming years. Economics of the infant nutrition industry means what are the financial considerations or economically significant aspects of the industry? The nutrition business mainly centers around the production and sale of milk powder and other products for newborn and growing children under the various brand names. The recent economic recession requiring an increase in the commodity prices because of rising cost of raw material has decreased the sale of EAC Nutrition in Thailand and Malaysia. There has been a decrease in the stock price on account of the investor’s lack of trust in the Asian economy and fear of neck-throat competition. Thanks to the successful restructuring of the company, the share price has increased during June 1998 in 2002.The management is making all-out efforts to further enhance stock price and to rebuild the confidence of stockholders in the company. A dynamic growth strategy ensuring that EAC would continue to grow and expand in the years to come is being chalk ed out. A new management team took over in 1998 and restored financial strength by shifting money from underperforming business units to viable units. As a result, business units amounting to over US $ 1.4bn (DKK 12bn) in annual sales and the US $36.4 million (DKK 300 million) in annual losses were profitably divested. In (2001) 25% of group sales were contributed by EAC nutrition and 34% of group operating profit with an EBIT margin between 8 to 10% were also given. Driven by the increase in GDP growth in many countries especially China, Singapore and India, the domestic market capacity for high-quality dairy products will go on escalating leading to higher demand of dairy products especially infant milk for large-scale production or joint ventures in collaboration with a local businessman.

Business plan outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business plan outline - Assignment Example With Eglinton Avenue being a major road that joins various municipalities, the shop would form a quick drop by joint for travelers and other residents of Midtown Toronto, who are interested in sportswear, especially the young and active, and athletes. The lease rate that I am working with is that of $22.64 per square foot, with restoration provisions requiring a payable cost of $6 per square foot at completion of the lease. This is in view of the current 21 percent average rentals rate for properties of class A, B, and C (Dalglish, 2012). With my business dealing mostly with athletic shoes, the market holds great potential for me as a quarter of the total sales made in shoes within the entire Canada come from athletics shoes. In 2013, the total sale of athletics shoes around the entire country was a $1.3 billion (NPD Group, 2014). The major competitors that Chic&Fun has include Shoeland Discount Store and Foot Solutions, both of which are located along Eglinton Avenue and have annual revenue of $75,456 and $275,690 respectively. Nevertheless, given that I have my shoe production company, I would reduce the cost of production to offer quality shoes at a lower price than my competitors so as to attract more customers and gain a large market share. Given that Chic&Fun will put in a stock of $50,000 in its first year, with a markup of 50% employed on all the products, and assuming that all the products will be sold, then the sales forecast is as below. To protect my business property from any liability, I will seek insurance coverage for corporate liability and property insurance, all of which would sum up to a total of $5000. This would protect my business from any lawsuits. The business will offer different brands of shoes of varying sizes and quality, according to the consumer affordability. The Store’s point of different will include offering the products at reduced cost, given that I have a company that produces the shoes;