Thomas Hobbes Natural Right Theory and the State, Social Contract and Method of Inquiry

NATURAL RIGHTS THEORIES THOMAS HOBBES’ DOCTRINE OF NATURAL LAW, NATURAL RIGHTS AND THE STATE Submission Date: 22/03/2013 Student ID: 201105385 Kofiya Willie INTRODUCTION In contradiction with the great philosophers Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes doctrine of natural rights is a scientific research based emphasis on the rise of negativity in the theory of the classical natural law. In his doctrine, Hobbes rejects natural law as a means of peace attainment in different political communities.This writing seeks to give a detailed outline of Hobbes’s doctrine of natural law, natural rights and the state. In description of these detailed writings, I shall also make an outline description of Hobbes method of inquiry to his study. In conclusion to this writing, Hobbes social contract shall be covered in detail to make a closing to this historical phenomenon. In his opening arguments in support of the new phenomenon of modern natural rights, Hobbes insisted that huma n beings are complex machines influenced by their environmental conditions and prevailing situations.He puts this argument forward as an attack to the classical view of natural law of Aristotle and Aquinas which rather sees man as â€Å"a rational and social animal who has a natural inclination to his proper end, happiness which can be attained by the virtues of mind and character†. Hobbes argues that man have always and will always be competitive and therefore will always strive to attain some form of leadership or political power in all possible ways available to them (Hobbes, 2004). He mentions that humans are selfish anti-social beings who are in pursuit to serve their selfish desires, particularly power.The second argument outlined by Thomas Hobbes in rejection to the classical natural law theory is that human beings are motivated by vanity in a classical natural law state. Thus meaning, in natural law state individuals has a sense of superiority based on their knowledge over others. He exemplifies this view by the olden ways of living where kings or monarchs ruled on the basis of higher power to gain majority obedience from the people. This according to Hobbes theory of natural rights was undermining of political authority (Kraynak, 1990).He therefore due to this reason opted for a rather fair system of the modern human/natural rights. According to Thomas Hobbes, the weakness in the classical natural law doctrine of Aristotle and Aquinas is that, unlike the modern natural rights doctrine, it is easily exploited. This was the primary cause of the English civil war in Behemoth in 1642-60. This according to Hobbes was a result of King Charles being overthrown by the parliamentarians who claimed to have had higher knowledge on natural law.Hobbes sums the lesson from the Behemoth war by making a statement that â€Å"if higher laws are not equated with intangible goods like virtue, wisdom and salvation then the ills of civilization can be avoided and m ankind can enjoy enduring civil peace† (Hobbes, 2004). Thus Hobbes proposed his new doctrine of natural rights to building a better state. In his newly found doctrine of natural rights, Hobbes emphasizes that unlike the classical natural law doctrine, modern rights are not an illusion put forward by the classical theorists of natural law. Natural law is the greatest good by virtues of the perfections of mind and character† (Hobbes, 2004). This notion put forward by the classical theorists of natural law is a dangerous and falsified statement according to Hobbes. He associated this with the then overthrowing of King Charles. He therefore defines modern natural rights doctrine as the only solution to civilization to avoid the dangers that result with natural law doctrine. In his closing arguments, Hobbes proposed a new definition of natural rights which gained vast acceptance worldwide.He emphasizes the natural equality of all mankind in his new definition of natural right s. Hobbes therefore defines natural law as â€Å"right or liberty to preserve oneself†, this according to Hobbes endures the fundamental right of self-preservation. In compilation to these facts about natural rights and the sovereign state, Hobbes used various methods. Hobbes adopted various methods in the field of geometry, physics and mathematics. This he stated as a way to legitimize his doctrine through geometric and scientific proof (Tuck, 1996).The reason behind Thomas Hobbes’ science of politics was to resolve political conflicts which had led his countrymen to war in the era of King Charles (Behemoth Civil war of 1642). His belief was that if politicians came to an agreement in political matters, then peace will be attained. Hobbes’ primary aim to his science of politics was to end the political confusions and the misfortunes that came with the classical natural law doctrine of Aristotle and Aquinas to establish an enduring state of peace.Unlike other sc holars of hi time, Hobbes believed that knowledge is not attained by being submissive to authority, but rather employing an objective method. He believed that such a method avoided conflicts which came about from political speculation and subjective interpretation. Hobbes however never explained his method/s of inquiry to his political research. According to philosophy scholars, Hobbes used a method that they called a Resolutive-Composite method.What this method of inquiry used by Hobbes entails that; for one to understand a given subject, they should first conduct an intellectual step by step process of resolving it into different parts. By doing so, this enables the subjects to be fully examined and make specific conclusions in the subjects without omitting relating information, thus Hobbes adopted this method to his political science study. After the resolution process, the subjects will then be re-composed into a whole again. Hobbes believed in doing so (resolving and recomposin g a subject), one is able to discover its essential qualities (Kraynak, 1990).In his science of politics and study of natural law and the sovereign, he used the method of resolution and re-composition of his study objects. In relation to this, Hobbes first started by resolving his state to its different parts, (that is human beings). He further resolved the human beings into different parts (the motions and the natural body), then resolved this in their different parts (abstract figures). After this resolution, Hobbes re-composed his subjects step by step until he finally came to an examination of political bodies and the natural law doctrine.To demonstrate his philosophical proofs of his science of politics, Hobbes focused on the field of Geometry and physics to understanding human motion and their natural body. He composed a number of geometric figures and then drew conclusions about them. Thomas Hobbes achieved these by using geometric definitions such as space, time, and bodies in motion which he linked to the physical world of politics and human sensation. He thus proposed his doctrine of natural rights based on his scientific proofs through geometry and physical science (physics).In addition to his findings in philosophy and political science, Hobbes gives an insight on his ideal social contract of the sovereign. Hobbes’ ideal social contract entails that it is by far most rational to give up part of individual’s liberty in order to gain security of self-preservation. According to Thomas Hobbes, there are political bodies in a state that governs and ensures the security of these liberties. Such political bodies may include the constitution of the sovereign and its other statutes in relation to the protection of individual liberties i. e. courts of law (Tuck, 1996).He defines social contract as a mutual agreement between participating bodies to mutually transfer their natural rights. What this means is that; individuals in the state come to an agreement to abide by the set rules of political bodies as a means of peace attainment. He emphasizes that without these social rules, life would be â€Å"solitary, nasty, brutish and short†. This notion therefore leads to an instance of limited natural rights. Hobbes notes that at times we are/can be born to find a readymade contract for us to agree on, therefore individuals do not have absolute powers to act outside the limitations of such contracts.Such contract may include the constitution of the state. Hobbes’s social contract has its outmost emphasis on natural equality, scarcity, equality of human power and limited altruism. He says this contract does not however concern the sovereign but rather its subjects (the people). In accordance to Hobbes, there will be injustice if these subjects fail to abide by their contract. That is to say, if one person violates the rights of the other within the sovereign then that will be injustice to the other subject.In a dif ferent view on the issue of natural equality, Hobbes states that inequality is the reason behind the English civil war. He makes an emphasis to say that man must recognize each other as equal so as to avoid a state of war which is a result of inequality. In addition, Hobbes identifies scarcity as another factor that influences man to go to war with each other. According to Hobbes, when there is limited supply of essential needs such as shelter, food and clothing this can trigger conflicts and competition to access such needs, which will eventually break into a war.When a social contract is drawn to how these needs will be accessed equally between the state’s subjects, then civil wars will be avoided in the sovereign. Hobbes states that if every subject in the sovereign is made aware of these essential needs and the legitimate ways of acquiring them, then there will be no injustice. Another complex factor that Hobbes notes is the issue of equality of human power. According to Hobbes, only a few acquire power in the notion of representing the majority i. e. political leaders.He says that, however in the long run this power cannot be sustained as some become more advantageous to others i. e. political leaders have more advantage as leaders, than the majority of the people. This then according to Hobbes creates a situation where everyone is at war against everyone else for the same scarce resource. Lastly, Thomas Hobbes mentions the need for motivational state with the primary goal of increasing another person’s welfare (altruism). In a rather opposite view, Thomas Hobbes states limited altruism as one factor among others that also affects the well-being of the sovereign.He believes that for this to work in a state, we can only rely on the goodness and compassion of strangers since by nature human beings will rarely have compassion towards each other. This mainly results from the limited nature of how altruistic human beings are. In the absence of a social order, all these factors will create major problems. To prevent that from happening, Hobbes denotes that it is only possible if an individual seeks to avoid the state of nature of the classical theorists Aristotle and Aquinas and the â€Å"war of all against all†.This can only be achieved if all individuals come to a mutual agreement to withhold the rights of one another; this according to Hobbes will breed a fertile ground for cooperation both in the social and economic manner. Conclusion Hobbes rejects the natural law doctrine of philosophers Aristotle a Thomas Aquinas as a measure to avoid civil wars/conflicts. He rather sees it fit to adopt a more favorable means of governance as he proposed (modern natural rights) in his doctrine of natural rights.In his inquiries to his doctrine, he used a method most scholars called resolutive-composite form, this was due to how he studied his subjects of research. He presented his findings in a scientific manner making referenc e to geometry and physics. In his social contract he noted scarcity, natural equality, human power and altruism as major factors that influenced the well-being of the sovereign. Hobbes doctrine has attracted vast acceptance in the world at large, though it was highly criticized by most philosophers as being based on morality. Bibliography historical philosophers. (2006, 6 18). Retrieved 3 17, 2013, from Thomas Hobbes Natural Right Theory and the State, Social Contract and Method of Inquiry NATURAL RIGHTS THEORIES THOMAS HOBBES’ DOCTRINE OF NATURAL LAW, NATURAL RIGHTS AND THE STATE Submission Date: 22/03/2013 Student ID: 201105385 Kofiya Willie INTRODUCTION In contradiction with the great philosophers Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes doctrine of natural rights is a scientific research based emphasis on the rise of negativity in the theory of the classical natural law. In his doctrine, Hobbes rejects natural law as a means of peace attainment in different political communities.This writing seeks to give a detailed outline of Hobbes’s doctrine of natural law, natural rights and the state. In description of these detailed writings, I shall also make an outline description of Hobbes method of inquiry to his study. In conclusion to this writing, Hobbes social contract shall be covered in detail to make a closing to this historical phenomenon. In his opening arguments in support of the new phenomenon of modern natural rights, Hobbes insisted that huma n beings are complex machines influenced by their environmental conditions and prevailing situations.He puts this argument forward as an attack to the classical view of natural law of Aristotle and Aquinas which rather sees man as â€Å"a rational and social animal who has a natural inclination to his proper end, happiness which can be attained by the virtues of mind and character†. Hobbes argues that man have always and will always be competitive and therefore will always strive to attain some form of leadership or political power in all possible ways available to them (Hobbes, 2004). He mentions that humans are selfish anti-social beings who are in pursuit to serve their selfish desires, particularly power.The second argument outlined by Thomas Hobbes in rejection to the classical natural law theory is that human beings are motivated by vanity in a classical natural law state. Thus meaning, in natural law state individuals has a sense of superiority based on their knowledge over others. He exemplifies this view by the olden ways of living where kings or monarchs ruled on the basis of higher power to gain majority obedience from the people. This according to Hobbes theory of natural rights was undermining of political authority (Kraynak, 1990).He therefore due to this reason opted for a rather fair system of the modern human/natural rights. According to Thomas Hobbes, the weakness in the classical natural law doctrine of Aristotle and Aquinas is that, unlike the modern natural rights doctrine, it is easily exploited. This was the primary cause of the English civil war in Behemoth in 1642-60. This according to Hobbes was a result of King Charles being overthrown by the parliamentarians who claimed to have had higher knowledge on natural law.Hobbes sums the lesson from the Behemoth war by making a statement that â€Å"if higher laws are not equated with intangible goods like virtue, wisdom and salvation then the ills of civilization can be avoided and m ankind can enjoy enduring civil peace† (Hobbes, 2004). Thus Hobbes proposed his new doctrine of natural rights to building a better state. In his newly found doctrine of natural rights, Hobbes emphasizes that unlike the classical natural law doctrine, modern rights are not an illusion put forward by the classical theorists of natural law. Natural law is the greatest good by virtues of the perfections of mind and character† (Hobbes, 2004). This notion put forward by the classical theorists of natural law is a dangerous and falsified statement according to Hobbes. He associated this with the then overthrowing of King Charles. He therefore defines modern natural rights doctrine as the only solution to civilization to avoid the dangers that result with natural law doctrine. In his closing arguments, Hobbes proposed a new definition of natural rights which gained vast acceptance worldwide.He emphasizes the natural equality of all mankind in his new definition of natural right s. Hobbes therefore defines natural law as â€Å"right or liberty to preserve oneself†, this according to Hobbes endures the fundamental right of self-preservation. In compilation to these facts about natural rights and the sovereign state, Hobbes used various methods. Hobbes adopted various methods in the field of geometry, physics and mathematics. This he stated as a way to legitimize his doctrine through geometric and scientific proof (Tuck, 1996).The reason behind Thomas Hobbes’ science of politics was to resolve political conflicts which had led his countrymen to war in the era of King Charles (Behemoth Civil war of 1642). His belief was that if politicians came to an agreement in political matters, then peace will be attained. Hobbes’ primary aim to his science of politics was to end the political confusions and the misfortunes that came with the classical natural law doctrine of Aristotle and Aquinas to establish an enduring state of peace.Unlike other sc holars of hi time, Hobbes believed that knowledge is not attained by being submissive to authority, but rather employing an objective method. He believed that such a method avoided conflicts which came about from political speculation and subjective interpretation. Hobbes however never explained his method/s of inquiry to his political research. According to philosophy scholars, Hobbes used a method that they called a Resolutive-Composite method.What this method of inquiry used by Hobbes entails that; for one to understand a given subject, they should first conduct an intellectual step by step process of resolving it into different parts. By doing so, this enables the subjects to be fully examined and make specific conclusions in the subjects without omitting relating information, thus Hobbes adopted this method to his political science study. After the resolution process, the subjects will then be re-composed into a whole again. Hobbes believed in doing so (resolving and recomposin g a subject), one is able to discover its essential qualities (Kraynak, 1990).In his science of politics and study of natural law and the sovereign, he used the method of resolution and re-composition of his study objects. In relation to this, Hobbes first started by resolving his state to its different parts, (that is human beings). He further resolved the human beings into different parts (the motions and the natural body), then resolved this in their different parts (abstract figures). After this resolution, Hobbes re-composed his subjects step by step until he finally came to an examination of political bodies and the natural law doctrine.To demonstrate his philosophical proofs of his science of politics, Hobbes focused on the field of Geometry and physics to understanding human motion and their natural body. He composed a number of geometric figures and then drew conclusions about them. Thomas Hobbes achieved these by using geometric definitions such as space, time, and bodies in motion which he linked to the physical world of politics and human sensation. He thus proposed his doctrine of natural rights based on his scientific proofs through geometry and physical science (physics).In addition to his findings in philosophy and political science, Hobbes gives an insight on his ideal social contract of the sovereign. Hobbes’ ideal social contract entails that it is by far most rational to give up part of individual’s liberty in order to gain security of self-preservation. According to Thomas Hobbes, there are political bodies in a state that governs and ensures the security of these liberties. Such political bodies may include the constitution of the sovereign and its other statutes in relation to the protection of individual liberties i. e. courts of law (Tuck, 1996).He defines social contract as a mutual agreement between participating bodies to mutually transfer their natural rights. What this means is that; individuals in the state come to an agreement to abide by the set rules of political bodies as a means of peace attainment. He emphasizes that without these social rules, life would be â€Å"solitary, nasty, brutish and short†. This notion therefore leads to an instance of limited natural rights. Hobbes notes that at times we are/can be born to find a readymade contract for us to agree on, therefore individuals do not have absolute powers to act outside the limitations of such contracts.Such contract may include the constitution of the state. Hobbes’s social contract has its outmost emphasis on natural equality, scarcity, equality of human power and limited altruism. He says this contract does not however concern the sovereign but rather its subjects (the people). In accordance to Hobbes, there will be injustice if these subjects fail to abide by their contract. That is to say, if one person violates the rights of the other within the sovereign then that will be injustice to the other subject.In a dif ferent view on the issue of natural equality, Hobbes states that inequality is the reason behind the English civil war. He makes an emphasis to say that man must recognize each other as equal so as to avoid a state of war which is a result of inequality. In addition, Hobbes identifies scarcity as another factor that influences man to go to war with each other. According to Hobbes, when there is limited supply of essential needs such as shelter, food and clothing this can trigger conflicts and competition to access such needs, which will eventually break into a war.When a social contract is drawn to how these needs will be accessed equally between the state’s subjects, then civil wars will be avoided in the sovereign. Hobbes states that if every subject in the sovereign is made aware of these essential needs and the legitimate ways of acquiring them, then there will be no injustice. Another complex factor that Hobbes notes is the issue of equality of human power. According to Hobbes, only a few acquire power in the notion of representing the majority i. e. political leaders.He says that, however in the long run this power cannot be sustained as some become more advantageous to others i. e. political leaders have more advantage as leaders, than the majority of the people. This then according to Hobbes creates a situation where everyone is at war against everyone else for the same scarce resource. Lastly, Thomas Hobbes mentions the need for motivational state with the primary goal of increasing another person’s welfare (altruism). In a rather opposite view, Thomas Hobbes states limited altruism as one factor among others that also affects the well-being of the sovereign.He believes that for this to work in a state, we can only rely on the goodness and compassion of strangers since by nature human beings will rarely have compassion towards each other. This mainly results from the limited nature of how altruistic human beings are. In the absence of a social order, all these factors will create major problems. To prevent that from happening, Hobbes denotes that it is only possible if an individual seeks to avoid the state of nature of the classical theorists Aristotle and Aquinas and the â€Å"war of all against all†.This can only be achieved if all individuals come to a mutual agreement to withhold the rights of one another; this according to Hobbes will breed a fertile ground for cooperation both in the social and economic manner. Conclusion Hobbes rejects the natural law doctrine of philosophers Aristotle a Thomas Aquinas as a measure to avoid civil wars/conflicts. He rather sees it fit to adopt a more favorable means of governance as he proposed (modern natural rights) in his doctrine of natural rights.In his inquiries to his doctrine, he used a method most scholars called resolutive-composite form, this was due to how he studied his subjects of research. He presented his findings in a scientific manner making referenc e to geometry and physics. In his social contract he noted scarcity, natural equality, human power and altruism as major factors that influenced the well-being of the sovereign. Hobbes doctrine has attracted vast acceptance in the world at large, though it was highly criticized by most philosophers as being based on morality. Bibliography historical philosophers. (2006, 6 18). Retrieved 3 17, 2013, from

Individual Analysis Paper on Organizational Behaviour Essays

Individual Analysis Paper on Organizational Behaviour Essays Individual Analysis Paper on Organizational Behaviour Paper Individual Analysis Paper on Organizational Behaviour Paper Individual Analysis Paper Albert Sherman September 30, 2011 MGMT 320-52 Robert J. Niemi, Ph. D 1. What is the brief history of the company and its line of business is it involved in? Background/History: The field of Social Services happens to be one of the many areas in the State of Minnesota that provide serves to people with Developmental Disabilities and also mental health/behavioral. It can be further complicated by the overwhelming number of service options, multiple home care companies and other people’s opinions of what’s best. Seeing the need to serve these people Jamie Fenh was move to establish a company that will meet the needs of these people. Thereby in 2003 Pinnacle Services (PS) was founded to be a part of that industry catering to these people. PS compassionately responded to the need for assistance by offering an array of home care services. Its mean mission is to ensure that quality services are provided to the consumers they serve, so that those consumers may achieve their full potential and realize their dreams. PS sets out to achieve this mission by utilizing, investing, and celebrating their consumer’s needs, dreams, and choices in regards to where they live, learn, work and play. PS provides innovative support to help people achieve their personal goals and improve the quality of their lives. Their services are flexible. They meet each individual’s needs for design, delivery and level of support. It is PS’s goal to help the people they serve attain their highest level of achievement. They support them and their families in meeting their needs and accomplishing their goals. In addition, Pinnacle Services brings cultural diversity, consumer satisfaction, person-centered services, high standards and proven quality to the consumers they serve. Its competencies are to have the benefit of a shared administrative, highly motivated team with years of experience and knowledge to draw on. PS seeks to empower people to achieve their full potential and to realize their dreams. They are committed to creating and expanding opportunities for children and adults with disabilities. This is demonstrated by their agencies contribution to the realization of an individual’s choice of caregivers, support, housing, and employment opportunities. Organizational Design/Culture: 1. How is it structured as regard to organization? 2. What is the culture of the organization? The very nature of the field of industry requires one to be very flexible and be willing to quickly adapt to the non-ending changes that comes with it. This flexibility is one those traits that is seen in the amongst many employees within the organization. Pinnacle Services has many reasons for its success however the one that sticks out the most is its friendly and family oriented work environment that it has within its walls of employment. The polychronic culture exhibited by Jamie fehn, the Administrative Director, has largely contributed to the social nature of the company. More over the diversity of the people that PS employees is over whelming. This team includes culturally and professionally diverse staff with training in social work, psychology, special education, counseling, nursing, program management, financial management and documentation management. The CEO pointed out that PS, â€Å"We employ talented professionals who have completed a rigorous training which meets or exceed the requirements of the Department of Human Services, the Minnesota Department of Health, and of industry standards. † Its shared value /philosophy is to support individuals only as much as they require and to teach them the skills necessary to obtain and maintain community employment. PS is very careful in its interview process due to the interest it takes in finding qualified, energetic and caring employees to help support individuals improving their lives and helping all those who support and surround them. These highly qualify workers must meet the standard of the industry and also that of the Department of Human Services. These enthusiastic, motivated employees are than amalgamated in to the company and empowered to make decisions and demonstrate their individual creativity. Thereby, allowing them to maximum productivity in the rendering of care for their consumers. These enthusiastic employees become a part of the team that yields efficiency and output. We offer a great benefits package including: That affect the lives of the people they serve According to the adaptive perspective of organizational culture, organizations must be ready and willing to adapt to the ever-changing and evolving environment. This type of perspective shows that employees working within a successful adaptive culture support each other, are trusting of each other, and truly strive for the betterment of the organization. Nothing could be truer of the culture at SWA. This ? chip-in? attitude is found to be one that promotes a feeling of confidence in the organization and an expectancy of its long-term continued success. Pinnacle Services focuses on providing only what is necessary to promote the dignity of independence†¦. Read More The people we serve are capable, dependable and enthusiastic members of the workforce. Our philosophy is to support individuals only as much as they require and to teach them the skills necessary to obtain and maintain community employment†¦. Read More Careers Pinnacle Services is dedicated to providing high quality services to people with disabilities. We believe that our employees are the most important factor in providing these quality services. We are always looking for motivated employees that want to make a difference. We offer a great benefits package including: Leadership: SWA thrives on leadership. According to Joseph Rost? s Leadership for the Twenty-First Century, leadership can be defined as a dynamic relationship based on mutual influence and a common purpose between leaders and collaborators in which both are moved to higher levels of motivation and moral development as they affect intended change. (Freiberg, 298) At SWA, leadership is practiced through collaborative relationships. The employees of SWA work in relationships where the roles of the leader and collaborator are interchangeable. According to Tim McClure, ? Southwest has been building a company that has leaders within every rank and file of the business. They rise to the occasion at different points in their careers and at different times in the company? s growth, but when they are there-they are there.? (Ibid. , 299) At SWA, leadership is based on commitment, not compliance. Leadership is getting people to want to do what you want them to do because they share your purpose, vision, and values. When the interests of leaders and collaborators overlap, long-term commitment is the result. (Ibid. ) At SWA, this commitment must be earned. . How can you best describe the leadership style within the company? And how structured as it relates to Chain of Command (COC)? (participative or supportive) 2. How strong would you say that employees here composition a part of leadership or is there room wherein they even feel part of it. 3. Is there any composition of regular employees within leadership structure? One that has to do with concerns of your employees? The employees of SWA see themselves as leaders who can make a difference. Leadership inspires motivation among employees because they see that they are cared for and valued as people. When employees are motivated, there is an increase in your commitment to your work, and your work becomes more meaningful. SWA is big on employee recognition to increase leadership, which will increase motivation. Leaders raise people to higher levels of motivation by showing them how their individual contributions are linked to the major purposes of the organization. Employees who go above and beyond are recognized in SWA? s newsletter, LUV Lines. Leaders at SWA will use any means available to show people the importance of what they do. (Ibid. 314) Leaders will also show their belief in people by giving them assignments that are often way outside the boundaries of their normal job descriptions. Leaders at SWA show employees what extraordinary service looks like, then trusts them to do the right things. Decision Making: 1. As it relate to the company who make most of the major decisions, when it comes to the day to day affairs of the company who make the decision? 2. In the study of BO there are times when companies inquirer from its employees how to go about making decisions that will affect their jobs as it relate to pay, hours of work, benefits. Is there form of a participatory decision making within the company? Motivation/Rewards: 1. How best can you describe the motivating fact behind your employees wanting to continue working for this company? 2. Is there any form of a reward system within the organization? 3. Other than money is there other form of rewards if any for outstanding work? Staff Recognition Programs At Pinnacle Services we are committed to employee development. We offer all of our employees recognition for their hard work. There are a number of ways we recognize our employees, one of which is the employee of the month program. Our employees receive recognition in our quarterly newsletter and a gift certificate to a location of their choosing. Paid Time Off (PTO) We are proud to offer our fulltime employees paid time off which is sick and vacation time combined into one. Employees earn paid time off every month they work and the longer an employee works with our organization the more paid time off they can earn. Team/Group Dynamics: 1. In this line of work the cohesiveness is very vital to it goal achievement. How can you define what is that you have, a Team or Group. What are the dynamics by which they operate? . There has to be conflicts within any organization. How can you best describe how these conflicts are resolved. Either with leadership or with co-workers to co-worker? This team includes culturally and professionally diverse staff with training in social work, psychology, special education, counseling, nursing, program management, financial management and documentation management. We employ talente d professionals who have completed a rigorous training which meets or exceed the requirements of the Department of Human Services, the Minnesota Department of Health, and of industry standards. Our support planners are experienced professionals who work collaboratively with families, individuals with disabilities, elderly individuals, County and State officials, and other community agencies to carry out the SWA has instilled a corporate culture that creates the framework for effective and efficient groups/teams. The success of the teamwork begins with employee hiring. The personnel department was renamed the People department, and the training and development department was renamed the University for the People. Henderson, 9) SWA has established a Culture Committee which is charged with the task to indoctrinate both employees and customers in SWA? s different way of doing things. This demonstrates SWA? s commitment to training its employees to succeed within the team the team being the family at SWA. Kelleher has been successful in creating a family (team) rather than a traditional organizational structure. The teamwork is phenomenal at SWA. Its employees are willing to pi tch in wherever needed; they are willing to walk-or fly-the extra mile. Pilots might man the boarding gate if things are running slow; ticket agents might find themselves schlepping luggage. (Labich, 44) Communication: 1. What is the best line of communication that is used by Pinnacle to communicate with its employees? 2. Comm. is most often between two people the sender and the Receiver. 3. How well have employees understood these lines of communications? 4. How does or by what means does the company get it a result from its employees as to how well they received and decoded the communication? Communication, as defined in our textbook, is ? hose exchanges of information and influence between organizational members, at least one of whom has formal (as defined by official organizational sources) authority to direct and evaluate the activities of other organizational members.? (Kreitner, 497) Communication within organizations moves upward, downward, and laterally. Effective communication is critical for individual, group, and organization success. Like ma ny organizations, SWA uses numerous forms of communication media (e. g. , face-to-face, telephone calls, electronic mail, voice mail, etc. ). SWA faces barriers to its communication process, especially those of a physical nature. SWA has expanded into markets beyond the Dallas area, and this expansion has caused glitches in communications. (Feldman, 3) Power/Politics: 1. Who has power within the company, is it the CEO or is it the BOD? 2. Even though it is understood that this is a nonprofit business or for profit business what is the politics of the day to day running of the company? 3. Are decision base of a vote of majority rule. 4. Does the dynamic of power/politics make it difficult for decisions to be made and follow up on? 5. The fields of services that your organization is involved with, most see lots of competitions that come with it. How do you manage that? 6. What are some of the outside forces that fight against such organizations? 7. Learning and Value. Politics in the work place 1. What have you learned over the years of working with this company? Conclusion: Develop an analysis of the organization that focuses on Organizational Behavior concepts and theories. Examine the MGMT 320 Organization Analysis Rubric for Headings to use in your paper. (See below as well. ) Background/History: Describe the organization and identify concepts/theories evident from your research such as: Organization design, power and politics, Leadership (including style), Decision making (including model), Motivation (including theory), rewards, Communication, team/group dynamics, Organizational culture. Describe the organization from the three levels of organizational behavior (individual, group, organizational). Life Insurance Pinnacle Services offers a Life Insurance plan to all of its fulltime employees, contributing 100% of the monthly cost. Short-Term Disability We offer our fulltime employees a short-term disability policy that provides payments to an employee should they become disabled and cannot work. Our organization contributes to 75% of the cost of this benefit. Paid Time Off (PTO) We are proud to offer our fulltime employees paid time off which is sick and vacation time combined into one. Employees earn paid time off every month they work and the longer an employee works with our organization the more paid time off they can earn. Paid Training At Pinnacle Services we are committed to employee development. We offer all employees paid training in a variety of topics including but not limited to; First Aid CPR, Medication Administration, Data Privacy, Vulnerable Adults and Maltreatment of Minors Act. 01k Retirement We offer our salaried employees a 401k retirement plan with an employer match. This is a great way to save for retirement; employees can contribute some of their earnings pre-tax and Pinnacle Services will match a portion. Mileage Reimbursement We appreciate our employees using their vehicles when necessary. We therefore offer all employees reimbursement at . 405 cent s a mile for any driving they do related to their position./p>

Branched Chain Alkane Definition

Branched Chain Alkane Definition An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon. Alkanes may be linear, branched, or cyclic. Heres what you need to know about the branched alkanes. Branched Alkane Definition A branched chain alkane or branched alkane is an alkane which has alkyl groups bonded to its central carbon chain. Branched alkanes contain only carbon and hydrogen (C and H) atoms, with carbons connected to other carbons by single bonds only, but the molecules contain branches (methyl, ethyl, etc.) so they are not linear.   How to Name Simple Branched Chain Alkanes There are two parts to each name of a branched alkane. You may consider these parts as prefix and suffix, branch name and stem name, or alkyl and alkane. The alkyl groups or substituents are named in the same way as the parent alkanes, except each contains the suffix -yl. When not named, alkyl groups are represented as R-. Here is a table of common substituents: Substituent Name CH3- methyl CH3CH2- ethyl CH3CH2CH2- propyl CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl Names are constructed in the form  locant  Ã‚  substituent prefix  Ã‚  root name according to these rules: Name the longest alkane chain. This is the longest string of carbons.Identify the side chains or branches.Name each side chain.Number the stem carbons such that the side chains will have the lowest numbers.Use a hyphen (-) to separate the number of the stem carbon from the name of the side chain.The prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc. are used when there is more than one alkyl group attached to the main carbon chain, indicating how many times the specific alkyl group occurs.Write the names of different types of alkyl groups in alphabetical order.Branched alkanes may have the prefix iso. Examples of Branched Chain Alkane Names 2-methylpropane (This is the smallest branched chain alkane.)2-methylheptane2,3-dimethylhexane2,3,4-trimethylpentane Different Methods of Representing Branched Alkanes Linear and branched alkanes may be represented using a: skeletal formula, showing only bonds between carbon atomsshortened structural formula, showing atoms, but no bondsfull structural formula, with all atoms and bonds depicted3-D model, showing atoms and bonds in three dimensions Importance and Uses of Branched Alkanes Alkanes do not readily react because they are saturated hydrocarbons. However, they can be made to react to yield energy or to make useful products. Branched alkanes are of particular importance in the petroleum industry. When provided sufficient activation energy, alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy, thus alkanes are valuable fuels.The process of cracking breaks longer chains alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes to increase octane number and to make polymers.C4-C6 alkanes may be heated with platinum or aluminum oxide catalysts to cause isomerism to produce branched chain alkanes. This is used to improve octane number.Reforming increases the number of cycloalkanes and benzene ring-containing hydrocarbons to improve octane number.

Business Model and Innovation Proposal

Business Model and Innovation Proposal Business Model and Innovation Proposal Introduction to Business Model and Innovation First I will give a definition of a business model. A business model defines â€Å"how an organisation earns money†. Therefore you could also define a business model as the â€Å"architecture of revenue†. How an organisation earns its money depends upon the followings: The customer value proposition – the market segment and market position, with other words: a. who are its customers b. what does it offer to these customers c. how it distinguishes itself from its competitors. The revenue model Its own value chain – indicating how the cost structure is arranged. Its core competencies and key assets on which the value proposition is based and upon which the sustainability of its competitive advantage is based. In addition to this, the business model must also include how it increases these competences and assets and how they are protected against imitation. The place in the supply value chain and role in the business ecosystem . This includes how to co-operate with which partners. In short, the business model encompasses the essentials of the entire market approach. Research has indicated that the business model determines whether one will earn money with an invention. The relation between a new technology and business model can be best expressed as follows. A technology per se does not have any value. It only gets value when it is translated into a customer value proposition. Only part of this created value for the customer can be appropriated by the organisation. The business model determines how much economic value is created and appropriated by the company (Henry Chessbrough, Open Business Models, 2006). In fact the business model contains all the elements that transform an invention into an innovation. Business Model Innovation can therefore take place on all 5 aspects of a business model as explained above. However, it is often when one changes one part of the business model one also has to change other parts to make it coherent. For example changing the revenue model has its effect on the customer value proposition and an effect on the relationships with partners and therefore on the role and position in the business ecosystem. The Company – uFlavors The company I will be analyse on is uFlavor. uFlavor is an US beverage company founded on the idea that every person is unique, that every individual has different tastes and different needs. Where other beverage companies make drinks aimed at satisfying the largest number of customers across the broadest demographics, uFlavor only makes drinks for one person (this is the business model). You. You choose your own flavors, your own sweeteners, your own acids, your own functional ingredients, your colour it yourself and you create your own label. From the start (2011) the company hopes to connect and introduce a new way of thinking about flavoured drinks. The founders (Altman and Mitchell) of uFlavor believe that there should be a unique flavored beverage for every person, place and occasion, and that flavor experience shouldn’t be limited to what’s on your local grocer’s shelves. So, uFlavor is creating a new category in the beverage industry that they call â€Å"user-generated refreshment.†

Institutional ownership and corporate value Essay

Institutional ownership and corporate value - Essay Example Abstract Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. They are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment. This paper investigates whether a company’s dividend policy is affected by the level of institutional ownership. The paper focuses on Kuwaiti public companies that are listed on the Kuwait stock exchange (KSE). This study examines the implications of corporate governance on dividend policy. It focuses on the cross-sectional relationship of the organizational ownership structures and dividend payout policies. In this paper, a regression model is employed to explore the link between institutional ownership and cash dividends. The dependent variable, cash dividends, is measured by using two different proxies. The independent variable, institutional ownership, is measured as the natural logarithm of shares held by institutional investors, then scaled by the number of shares outstanding. The control variables include returns on equity, firm size, leverage, firm age, financial loss, year effects, and industry effects. The relevant data is collected from the KSE website and the Institute of Banking Studies in Kuwait (ISB). The monitoring hypothesis suggests that institutional investors tend to function as a superior oversight mechanism, and therefore are more likely to limit corporate managers. The other perspective relates to the entrenchment effect hypothesis, which states that institutional investors may align their interests with management’s interests at the expense of minority wealth. Table of Contents Declaration 2 Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 List of Tables 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Background 7 1.2 Research Question 8 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study: 8 1.4 Rationale and Justification for the Study: 9 1.5 Methodology: 9 1.6 Research Structure 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Kuwait Stock Exchange 12 2.2 Institutional Ownership and Cash Dividend Payouts 13 2.2.1 The Monitoring Role of Institutional Ownership 14 2.2.2 The Entrenchment Role of Institutional Investors 17 Chapter Three: Hypothesis Development 21 4.2 Regression Models 26 Chapter Five: Data and Results 28 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Implications of the Research 38 Chapter Seven: Future Research 40 List of References 41 List of Tables Table 1: Frequency of Institutional Investors over Time 29 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for the Dependent, Independent, and Control Variables 330 Table 3: Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 648 323 Table 4: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashPayOut 345 Table 5: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashDiv_Earnings 368 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. T hey are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment (Grossman and Hart, 1980; Shleifer and Vishny, 1986). In addition, institutional investors are generally more and better informed then individual invest

To what extent can it be argued that a doctor, who explains the Essay

To what extent can it be argued that a doctor, who explains the procedures and all the risks and then obtains the patients consent, is free from the potential t - Essay Example derately undisruptive, however, others bring substantial damage not just to the patient and families but also to the entire medical profession and the health care industry. When medical mistakes arise, health care professionals are inclined not to report these incidents for fear of litigation which makes the identification and prevention of these errors tough to deal with and hard to correct (Joshi, Anderson & Marwaha, 2002, pp. 40-45; Localio, Lawthers, Brennan et al., 1991, pp. 245-251). In the United Kingdom, there have been no apparent clues regarding its prevalence although an investigation was conducted representing an initial attempt to quantify the extent and magnitude of the dilemma (Vincent, Neale & Woloshynowych, 2001, pp. 517-519). In the United States, field professionals assert that the tort system is not adequate in preventing medical mistakes because the average time to resolve cases purportedly takes 44 months (Palter, 2003). Based on a study, annual deaths caused by medical mistakes have reached 98,000 in United States hospitals (Kohn, Corrigan & Donaldson, 2000). While the statistics reaped so much attention, it was not the very first investigation conducted by the medical community of its errors. Since 1990, numerous studies have dissected and analysed medical mistakes. Interestingly, the publication of these researches denoted an enlightening departure from the conventional secrecy surrounding errors made by physicians (Brennan, Leape, Laird, et al, 1991, pp. 370-376; Wu, Folkman, McPhee & Lo, 1991, pp. 2089-2094). Apparently, practitioners in the field of medicine have moved towards a path that encourages the methodology of admitting mistakes, both to themselves and to others. Duty of Care/Patient-Doctor Relationship Admitting to a mistake is a physician’s moral duty to his/her patient. The American Medical Association Principles of Medical Ethics states that â€Å"A physician shall . . . be honest in all professional

Who Gets to Let States Back into the Union Assignment

Who Gets to Let States Back into the Union - Assignment Example Later, Andrew Johnson, a ‘paragon’ of the Southern Unionism, was appointed the military governor of Tennessee by the President, Abraham Lincoln (Para 3). Johnson after being granted control of Tennessee started working for the assimilation of Tennessee with the Union by organizing a civil government based on the principles laid down in the constitution of the United States of America. He stunned his constituents by siding with the Republicans who favored oppressive Reconstruction for the South. Johnson took aggressive and stern action against those not willing to show allegiance to the Union by going to the extent of declaring execution of mutineers. He was very hard with the secessionist powers, and declared, â€Å"Treason must be made odious, and traitors must be punished.† (Para 4) He was firm in his belief that loyal Tennesseans would become role-models for Confederates to embrace the Union but he lacked the diplomacy of Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln presented in December 1863 the â€Å"Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction† plan, popularly named the 10 percent plan (Para 6). As per the plan, 10 percent of the population would take the oath of allegiance to the Union and government could be organized. Johnson wanted the â€Å"tall poppies† to fall down; he was least worried about the threats from cavalry leaders and citizens (Para 6). Johnson was severe in dealing with the Confederates and Unionists to swear that they â€Å"desire[d] the suppression of the present insurrection† (Para 6). After Johnson became the Vice-President, William Brownlow became the Governor but as the things turned out after the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became the President. His partial attitude towards white men became the reason for starting an ideological struggle in the White House for Reconstruction.